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Climatic conditions are key determinants of plant growth, whether at the scale of temperature regulation of the cell cycle or at the scale of the geographic limits for a particular species. The climate is changing due to human activities - particularly the emission of greenhouse gases - therefore the conditions for the establishment, growth, reproduction, survival, and distribution of plant species are changing. In contrast to animals, plants are able to cease and resume growth. This flexibility in their architecture and growth pattern is partly achieved by the action of plant hormones. Still, the role of plant growth regulators (PGRs) in agriculture is modest compared to other agrochemicals, such as fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides. Plant Growth Regulators for Climate-Smart Agriculture is an invaluable guide to the varied roles filled by PGRs in the attainment of higher-quality, better-yielding crops.Salient Features (minimum 5) : (-) Explores plant growth regulators and anthropogenic climate change. (-) Provides new insights related to hormonal cross-talk in plant development and stress responses. (-) Sheds new light on the role of PGRs in agriculture in the attainment of higher-quality, better-yielding crops. (-) Delivers valuable information on physiological and molecular mechanisms linked to the role of plant growth regulators in stress tolerance. (-) Provides valuable knowledge for students of agronomy, plant physiology, molecular biology, and environmental sciences.

Plant regulators. --- Plants --- Plant-atmosphere relationships. --- Plantes --- Relations plante-atmosphère. --- Effect of temperature on --- Régulateurs de croissance. --- Effets de la température.

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The public interest and the pressure from authorities to reduce the use of antibiotics in pig production is pushing producers to look for other alternatives. One alternative proposed and studied in this thesis is the use of synbiotics. This mixture of probiotics and prebiotics has many advantages and could play an essential role in pig farming, especially after weaning. The main objective of synbiotics is to influence the gut microbiota to take advantage of its positive influence on the overall health of the animal.
This thesis, divided into three experiments, aims to test and compare the direct (supplementation to piglets) and indirect (supplementation to sows) effects of five different synbiotics on piglet 
performances, behaviour, and the potential presence of diarrhoea over two periods: the lactation 
period (three weeks) and the post-weaning period (two weeks). The synbiotics tested are mixtures of a single probiotic and a single prebiotic in order to compare the individual effects of these components. For this purpose, synbiotics were continuously distributed to sows from day 80 of gestation until piglets weaning. The piglets received the treatment from birth until weaning, three weeks later. 
The observed results showed the significant impact of the synbiotics Syn1, Syn3 and Syn4 on the increase of the average daily gain in post-weaning, the significant increase of the average daily gain with Syn2 in the lactation period, and the positive impact of Syn5 on the average weight of piglets two weeks after weaning. The impact of symbiotics on piglets’ behaviour was also observed.
In conclusion, this study demonstrated the positive effects of synbiotics on the performance of piglets at several stages of their development in early life (five weeks) and proves the interest of synbiotics as an alternative to the use of antibiotics. This work can be used as a basis for future experiments and research on synbiotics regarding the individual effects of probiotics and prebiotics. L’intérêt général ainsi que la pression des autorités pour diminuer l’usage d’antibiotiques dans la production porcine pousse les producteurs à se tourner vers d’autres alternatives. Une alternative proposée et étudiée dans cette thèse est l’usage de symbiotiques. Ce mélange de probiotiques et prébiotiques présente de nombreux intérêts et pourrait jouer un rôle essentiel dans l’élevage porcin, en particulier au moment du sevrage. L’objectif principal des symbiotiques est d’influencer le microbiote intestinal pour profiter de son influence positive sur la santé générale de l’animal.
Cette thèse, divisée en trois expérimentations, a pour objectif de tester et comparer les effets directs (compléments donnés aux porcelets) et indirects (compléments donnés aux truies) de cinq symbiotiques sur les performances des porcelets, sur leur comportement et sur la présence potentielle de diarrhée sur deux périodes : la période de lactation (trois semaines) et la période post-sevrage (deux semaines). Les symbiotiques testés sont des mélanges d’un probiotique et d’un prébiotique dans le but de comparer les effets individuels de ces composants. Pour ce faire, les symbiotiques ont été distribué en continu aux truies à partir du jour 80 de la gestation jusqu’au sevrage des porcelets. Les porcelets, quant à eux, ont reçu le traitement à partir de leur naissance et ce, jusqu’au sevrage trois semaines plus tard. 
Les résultats observés ont permis de montrer l’impact significatif des symbiotiques Syn1, Syn 3 et Syn4 sur l’augmentation du gain quotidien moyen en post-sevrage, l’augmentation significative du gain quotidien moyen avec Syn2 en période de lactation, et l’impact positif de Syn5 sur le poids moyen des porcelets deux semaines après le sevrage. L’impact des symbiotiques sur le comportement des porcelets a également été observé. 
Pour conclure, cette étude a permis de démontrer les effets positifs de symbiotiques sur les performances des porcelets à plusieurs étapes de leur développement en début de vie (cinq semaines), et prouve ainsi l’intérêt des symbiotiques en tant qu’alternative à l’utilisation d’antibiotiques. Ce travail pourra servir de base à de futures expérimentations et recherches sur les symbiotiques visant les effets individuels de probiotiques et prébiotiques.

synbiotic --- probiotic --- prebiotic --- pig --- microbiota --- gut health --- growth performance --- diarrhoea --- antibiotic --- piglet behaviour --- symbiotique --- probiotique --- prébiotique --- porc --- microbiote --- santé intestinale --- performances de croissance --- diarrhée --- antibiotique --- comportement des porcelets --- Sciences du vivant > Productions animales & zootechnie --- Sciences du vivant > Agriculture & agronomie

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From one of the world's leading economists and his coauthors, a cutting-edge analysis of what drives economic growth and a blueprint for prosperity under capitalism. Crisis seems to follow crisis. Inequality is rising, growth is stagnant, the environment is suffering, and the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed every crack in the system. We hear more and more calls for radical change, even the overthrow of capitalism. But the answer to our problems is not revolution. The answer is to create a better capitalism by understanding and harnessing the power of creative destruction--innovation that disrupts, but that over the past two hundred years has also lifted societies to previously unimagined prosperity. To explain, Philippe Aghion, Céline Antonin, and Simon Bunel draw on cutting-edge theory and evidence to examine today's most fundamental economic questions, including the roots of growth and inequality, competition and globalization, the determinants of health and happiness, technological revolutions, secular stagnation, middle-income traps, climate change, and how to recover from economic shocks. They show that we owe our modern standard of living to innovations enabled by free-market capitalism. But we also need state intervention with the appropriate checks and balances to simultaneously foster ongoing economic creativity, manage the social disruption that innovation leaves in its wake, and ensure that yesterday's superstar innovators don't pull the ladder up after them to thwart tomorrow's. A powerful and ambitious reappraisal of the foundations of economic success and a blueprint for change, The Power of Creative Destruction shows that a fair and prosperous future is ultimately ours to make.

Business cycles. --- Capitalism. --- Disruptive technologies. --- Income distribution. --- Distribution of income --- Income inequality --- Inequality of income --- Distribution (Economic theory) --- Disposable income --- Disruptive innovations --- Technological innovations --- Market economy --- Economics --- Profit --- Capital --- Economic cycles --- Economic fluctuations --- Cycles --- innovation --- market economy --- economic recession --- wealth --- economic growth --- globalisation --- globalizace --- παγκοσμιοποίηση --- globalizáció --- globalizacija --- globalisering --- globalizacja --- mondialisation --- глобализација --- globalizare --- globalizácia --- globalizzazzjoni --- globalizzazione --- globalizim --- globalização --- globaliseerumine --- globalizācija --- globalización --- globalisaatio --- domhandú --- глобализация --- Globalisierung --- globalisering van de economie --- talouden globalisoituminen --- Globalisierung der Wirtschaft --- gazdasági globalizáció --- altermondialisme --- altermundialismo --- alterglobalização --- ekonomiskās darbības internacionalizācija --- alterglobalizm --- altermundialización --- economic globalisation --- globalizim ekonomik --- globalizácia ekonomiky --- globalizarea economiei --- οικονομική παγκοσμιοποίηση --- mondializzazione --- altermondialism --- globalizzazzjoni tal-ekonomija --- altermundialização --- alterglobalizacja --- алтерглобализация --- erilainen globalisaatio --- antiglobalizmus --- internaționalizarea activității economice --- majandustegevuse globaliseerumine --- mundialización de la economía --- globalizacija ekonomskih aktivnosti --- internacionalizacija ekonomskih aktivnosti --- globalisering av ekonomin --- alternativ globalisering --- alterglobalizacija --- интернационализиране на икономиката --- ekonomikos globalizacija --- globalizzazione dell'economia --- globalization --- economic globalization --- talouden kansainvälistyminen --- Internationalisierung der Wirtschaft --- globalisering af økonomien --- altermondialista mozgalom --- εναλλακτική παγκοσμιοποίηση --- talouden maailmanlaajuistuminen --- internacionalizacija gospodarstva --- ekonomiskās darbības globalizācija --- globalizacija gospodarstva --- ekonomikos internacionalizacija --- internationalisering af økonomien --- mondialisering af økonomien --- internacionalizace ekonomiky --- globalisation of economic activity --- globalisation de l'économie --- internazzjonalizzazzjoni tal-ekonomija --- gazdasági tevékenység globalizációja --- majanduse globaliseerumine --- alterglobalizmas --- ndërkombëtarizim i veprimtarisë ekonomike --- internationalisering van de economie --- παγκοσμιοποίηση της οικονομίας --- internationalisering av ekonomin --- globalizációellenesség --- ekonomická globalizace --- protiglobalizacija --- alterglobalizace --- globalisation of the economy --- ekonominės veiklos internacionalizacija --- globalizacja gospodarki --- internacionalização da economia --- економска глобализација --- internationalisation de l'économie --- alternative Globalisierung --- vaihtoehtoinen globalisaatio --- икономическа глобализация --- altermondialisation --- internacionalizácia ekonomiky --- ekonominės veiklos globalizacija --- globalizace světové ekonomiky --- глобализација привреде --- alterglobalizácia --- интернационализација привредне делатности --- internationalisation of economic activity --- διαφορετική παγκασμιοποίηση --- глобализација економије --- altermundismo --- internationalization of economic activity --- globalizim i ekonomisë --- altermondialismo --- antiglobalisering --- globalizzazione economica --- internacionalización de la economía --- алтерглобализъм --- majandustegevuse rahvusvahelistumine --- ekonomická globalizácia --- alterglobalismus --- globalizim i veprimtarisë ekonomike --- globalizace ekonomiky --- globalizzazzjoni ekonomika --- Altermondialisation --- mondialisation économique --- διεθνοποίηση της οικονομίας --- internazionalizzazione dell'economia --- gospodarska globalizacija --- globalización de la economía --- mondialisering van de economie --- globalización económica --- geglobaliseerde economie --- globalizarea activității economice --- mundialização da economia --- üleilmastumine --- mondialisering --- alternatiivne globaliseerumine --- interdipendenza a livello mondiale dell'economia --- globalizacja gospodarcza --- alternatīva globalizācijas kustība --- глобализиране на икономиката --- ekonomikas globalizācija --- altermondializare --- привредна глобализација --- altermondializmus --- Wirtschaftswachstum --- ekonomisk tillväxt --- ūkio augimas --- gospodarska rast --- crescimento económico --- taloudellinen kasvu --- wzrost gospodarczy --- hospodářský růst --- majanduskasv --- croissance économique --- tkabbir ekonomiku --- rritje ekonomike --- economische groei --- creștere economică --- crescita economica --- икономически растеж --- привредни раст --- fás eacnamaíoch --- hospodársky rast --- crecimiento económico --- ekonomski rast --- økonomisk vækst --- економски раст --- ekonomikas pieaugums --- οικονομική μεγέθυνση --- gazdasági növekedés --- vækstrate --- zero growth --- miera rastu --- expansiune economică --- prieaugis --- pieauguma temps --- creștere zero --- nulový rast --- boom economico --- нулти раст --- crecimiento cero --- espansione economica --- talouden laajentuminen --- növekedés üteme --- nullkasv --- nulvækst --- kasvuvauhti --- ekonomisk expansion --- οικονομική επέκταση --- nulgroei --- nollakasvu --- nulti rast --- Nullwachstum --- ritmo de crecimiento --- növekedés mértéke --- μηδενική μεγέθυνση --- hospodársky vzostup --- tillväxttakt --- ρυθμός οικονομικής μεγέθυνσης --- kasvumäär --- nulles pieaugums --- míra hospodářského růstu --- nolltillväxt --- taxa de crescimento --- ekonomický růst --- nulinis augimas --- growth rate --- crescita zero --- gospodarski rast --- економска експанзија --- expansão económica --- stopa rasta --- økonomisk ekspansion --- rată de creștere economică --- croissance zéro --- majanduse laienemine --- expansion économique --- tasa de crecimiento --- zgjerim ekonomik --- economische expansie --- ekonomická expanze --- rritje zero --- augimo norma --- taux de croissance --- economic expansion --- nulový růst --- crescimento zero --- Wachstumsrate --- οικονομική αύξηση --- Wirtschaftsexpansion --- tasso di crescita --- zéró növekedés --- стапка на раст --- richesse --- bohatstvo --- ricchezza --- riqueza --- bogactwo --- bogatstvo --- rikedom --- rigdom --- varallisuus --- jõukus --- ġid --- pasuria --- turtas --- Reichtum --- bagātība --- rijkdom --- bogăție --- rachmas --- богатство --- bohatství --- bogastvo --- jólét --- πλούτος --- majetok --- blahobyt --- jmění --- fortuna --- gazdagság --- avere --- formue --- fortuin --- rikkaus --- netikėtas turtas --- περιουσία --- fortune --- manta --- материјално богатство --- blagostanje --- rikkus --- benessere economico --- pasuri --- omaisuus --- Vermögen --- förmögenhet --- turtai --- riches --- edukus --- imanie --- izobilje --- изобилство --- економска рецесија --- rënie ekonomike --- ekonomikas lejupslīde --- recesiune economică --- Rezession --- икономическа рецесия --- ekonomikos nuosmukis --- ekonomska recesija --- economische recessie --- hospodářská recese --- gospodarska recesija --- økonomisk recession --- gazdasági recesszió --- recessione economica --- cúlú eacnamaíoch --- talouden taantuma --- récession économique --- reċessjoni ekonomika --- recession --- οικονομική ύφεση --- привредна рецесија --- recesión económica --- majanduslangus --- recesja gospodarcza --- recessão económica --- hospodárska recesia --- decelerazione della crescita economica --- økonomisk afmatning --- bankovna kriza --- criză economică --- hospodářská deprese --- krizë ekonomike --- ekonominės padėties blogėjimas --- deterioramento dell'economia --- desaceleración de la economía --- zhoršení hospodářství --- deterioração da economia --- détérioration de l'économie --- talouden laskusuhdanne --- crisi economica --- економска криза --- majanduse madalseis --- ekonomisk recession --- forringelse af økonomien --- wirtschaftliche Depression --- lågkonjunktur --- majanduse halvenemine --- gazdasági depresszió --- økonomisk depression --- depresion ekonomik --- hospodářská krize --- lama --- økonomisk krise --- hospodárska kríza --- economische crisis --- verval van de economie --- Verschlechterung der Wirtschaft --- konjunkturální krize --- crise économique --- përkeqësim i ekonomisë --- zastavení hospodářského růstu --- economic crisis --- Konjunkturkrise --- οικονομική καταστροφή --- depresión económica --- ekonominė krizė --- глобална финансиска криза --- deterioration of the economy --- cúlú eacnamaíochta --- hospodársky pokles --- økonomisk tilbagegang --- economische depressie --- ekonomska depresija --- κατάρρευση της οικονομίας --- majanduskriis --- crise económica --- gazdasági válság --- contracción económica --- lavkonjunktur --- ekonomisk kris --- οικονομική κρίση --- depressão económica --- financijska kriza --- dépression économique --- економска депресија --- ekonomický útlum --- depression --- a gazdaság hanyatlása --- depressione economica --- úpadok hospodárstva --- stagnace --- ekonominis nuosmukis --- talouskriisi --- pokles konjunktury --- crisis económica --- ekonomiskā krīze --- Rückgang der Konjunktur --- economic depression --- försämring av ekonomin --- ekonomisk depression --- Wirtschaftskrise --- επιδείνωση της οικονομίας --- ekonomska kriza --- hanyatló gazdaság --- konjunkturnedgång --- ekonomiskās situācijas pasliktināšanās --- ekonomija tas-suq --- economia de mercado --- marknadsekonomi --- пазарна икономика --- Marktwirtschaft --- тржишна привреда --- markedsøkonomi --- piacgazdaság --- economía de mercado --- пазарна економија --- rinkos ekonomika --- économie de marché --- markkinatalous --- economie de piață --- tržno gospodarstvo --- geilleagar margaidh --- tržní ekonomika --- gospodarka rynkowa --- markteconomie --- οικονομία της αγοράς --- tirgus ekonomika --- turumajandus --- trhová ekonomika --- tržišna ekonomija --- economia di mercato --- ekonomi e tregut --- tržní hospodářství --- капиталистичка економија --- economía social de mercado --- kapitālisma ekonomika --- kapitālisms --- tržišna privreda --- princip trhu --- kapitalisme --- kapitalistische economie --- capitalisme --- капитализам --- freie Marktwirtschaft --- kapitalistické hospodářství --- kapitalismus --- sociálně tržní hospodářství --- capitalism --- tržišno gospodarstvo --- economía capitalista --- economia capitalista --- kapitalistische Wirtschaft --- kapitalismi --- kapitalizam --- capitalismo --- soziale Marktwirtschaft --- capitalist economy --- kapitalista gazdaság --- kapitalistinen talousjärjestelmä --- kapitalistická ekonomika --- kapitalizmas --- szociális piacgazdaság --- kapitalizmus --- καπιταλισμός --- kapitalistlik majandus --- economie capitalistă --- szabad piacgazdaság --- kapitalistinis ūkis --- καπιταλιστική οικονομία --- economia capitalistica --- kapitalizëm --- Kapitalismus --- ελεύθερη οικονομία --- kapitalism --- kapitalistička ekonomija --- ekonomi kapitaliste --- économie capitaliste --- капиталистички економски систем --- kapitalistisk ekonomi --- systém svobodného podnikání --- volné tržní hospodářství --- markedsdirigeret økonomi --- пазарно стопанство --- kapitalistisk økonomi --- innovaatio --- innovazione --- novinka --- inovație --- innovazzjoni --- иновация --- innovatsioon --- innowacja --- jaunievedums --- innovación --- vernieuwing --- καινοτομία --- inovácia --- inovação --- иновација --- nuálaíocht --- Innovation --- innováció --- risi --- inovacija --- τεχνολογική καινοτομία --- teknologisk fornyelse --- industrielle Innovation --- technologische Innovation --- technológiai innováció --- inovação tecnológica --- innovación industrial --- innovación tecnológica --- risi industriale --- naujovė --- βιομηχανική καινοτομία --- technologische vernieuwing --- industrijska inovacija --- innovazione industriale --- tehnoloogiline innovatsioon --- priemyselná inovácia --- technologijos naujovė --- technologická inovácia --- innovation technologique --- teollinen innovaatio --- tehnoloģisks jauninājums --- fornyelse --- risi teknologjike --- inovație industrială --- teknisk innovation --- innovation industrielle --- teknologinen innovaatio --- teknologisk innovation --- industriell innovation --- technological innovation --- pramoninė naujovė --- industrial innovation --- технолошка иновација --- innovazione tecnologica --- průmyslová novinka --- tööstusinnovatsioon --- technická novinka --- tehnološka inovacija --- industriel innovation --- ipari innováció --- inovação industrial --- rūpniecisks jauninājums --- innovazione scientifica --- inovație tehnologică --- Economic conditions. Economic development