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In today’s society, attitudes are increasingly evolving towards environmentally responsible consumption. This concerns all kinds of everyday goods, but also energy as the number of micro-grids and local energy communities is in constant expansion.These systems produce their heat and electricity on-site and promote the use of renewable energies. However, such energy systems are in general costly and require an optimal layout in order to guarantee power security of supply while not investing unnecessary huge amounts of money.This work aims at providing a tool capable of designing the best configuration and operation strategy of a smart energy system, comprised of a district heating network and renewable energies. For each outline, the overall costs and the carbon footprint are provided. This could greatly help decision-makers that have to consider several schemes at the initial phases of a project. Moreover, having a linear program, the tool can easily be transposed from a case study to another while keeping its robustness. Three different simulations have been investigated in order to demonstrate the flexibility of the model. The envisaged scenarios enable to study the effect of supply and return temperatures on the optimal design of the heating network. In each case, three different restrictions on CO2emissions have also been considered. Doing so, the goal is to build Pareto curves, which represent the overall costs in function of the quantity of CO2produced. These kinds of curves help to visualise the com-promises between conflicting objectives and can be helpful when designing future energy systems.On the one hand, the results showed that low-temperature district heating networks were best-suited if the main goal is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. On the other hand, if the attention is rather put on reducing costs, higher supply temperatures at 90°C better fit this motivation. In any case, mid supply temperatures of 70°C were found to be less beneficial.

District heating network --- Local energy communities --- MILP --- Numerical optimisation --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Energie

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As the share of renewable generation increases in electric grids, the traditionally heat driven operation of combined heat and power plants (CHPs) reaches its limits. Thermal storage is required for a flexible operation of CHPs. This work proposes three novel methods to use a heating grid as thermal storage by exploiting its thermal dynamics. These include the first approach proving global optimality, a novel linear formulation of grid dynamics and an easily real world applicable approach.

Electrical engineering --- Fernwärme --- thermische Speicher --- variablenabhängige Verzögerung --- optimale Einsatzplanung --- gemischtganzzahlige Optimierung --- district heating --- thermal storage --- variable dependent time delay --- optimal unit commitment --- mixed integer programming

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Thermal energy storage using phase change materials (PCMs) is a research topic that has attracted much attention in recent decades. This is mainly due to the potential use of PCMs as latent storage media in a large variety of applications. Although many kinds of PCMs are already commercial products, advanced materials with improved properties and new latent storage concepts are required to better meet the specific requirements of different applications. Moreover, the development of common validation procedures for PCMs is an important issue that should be addressed in order to achieve commercial deployment and implementation of these kinds of materials in latent storage systems. The key subjects addressed on the five papers included in this Special Issue are related to methodologies for material selection, PCM validation and assessment procedures, innovative approaches of PCM applications together with simulation and testing of latent storage prototypes.

thermal energy storage (TES) --- phase change material (PCM) --- heating and cooling --- material selection --- selection methodology --- heat transfer --- high power --- latent heat --- energy storage --- heat exchanger --- lithium-ion battery --- thermal management --- phase change material --- temperature --- heat dissipation fins --- capacity --- phase change materials (PCM) --- latent heat storage --- degradation --- thermal cycling stability --- stable supercooling --- latent heat thermal storage --- pcm --- 0D dynamic model --- multi-energy system --- district heating --- thermal network --- n/a

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Groundwater is an essential and vital water resource for drinking water production, agricultural irrigation, and industrial processes. Having a better understanding of physical and chemical processes in aquifers enables more reliable decisions and reduces investments concerning water management. This Special Issue on “Water Flow, Solute, and Heat Transfer, in Groundwater” of Water focuses on the recent advances in groundwater dynamics, and it includes high-quality papers that cover a wide range of issues on different aspects related to groundwater: protection from contamination, recharge, heat transfer, hydraulic parameters estimation, well hydraulics, microbial community, colloid transport, and mathematical models. This integrative volume aims to transfer knowledge to hydrologists, hydraulic engineers, and water resources planners, who are engaged in the sustainable development of groundwater resources.

artificial ground freezing method --- groundwater flow --- temperature field --- freezing wall --- effective hydraulic conductivity --- fractured media --- gravitational force --- numerical method --- rock penetration --- colloid size --- colloid transport --- underground water-sealed oil storage cavern --- seawater intrusion --- island tidal environment --- vertical water curtain system --- multi-physical field coupling --- scenario-based projections --- HYDRUS 1-D --- aridity index --- water balance --- grassland --- root water stress --- groundwater protection --- wellhead protection area (WHPA) --- uncertainty analysis --- soil moisture --- groundwater recharge --- evapotranspiration --- vadose zone --- soil hydraulic property --- climate --- NAPL --- volume averaging --- upscaling --- mass transfer --- fractured aquitard --- groundwater pollution --- microbial community’s diversity --- dehalogenation --- tribromoneopentyl alcohol --- 1-bromo-1-chloroethane --- geothermal water reservoir --- well spacing --- direct geothermal district heating system --- indirect geothermal district heating system --- multiobjective optimization --- technical and economic evaluation --- Richards’-equation --- simulation --- algebraic multigrid --- preconditioner --- residual saturation --- porous media --- permeability --- entrapped air --- two-phase flow --- ascending relief well --- groundwater --- seepage --- sand-tank --- modeling --- Dupuit formula --- Dupuit-Thiem formula --- porous and fractured media --- contaminant transport --- heat transfer --- parameters --- colloids --- microbial community --- field and laboratory studies --- mathematical modeling

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In recent years, the scientific community’s interest towards efficient energy conversion systems has significantly increased. One of the reasons is certainly related to the change in the temperature of the planet, which appears to have increased by 0.76 °C with respect to pre-industrial levels, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and this trend has not yet been stopped. The European Union considers it vital to prevent global warming from exceeding 2 °C with respect to pre-industrial levels, since this phenomenon has been proven to result in irreversible and potentially catastrophic changes. These climate changes are mainly caused by the emissions of greenhouse gasses related to human activities, and can be drastically reduced by employing energy systems, for both heating and cooling of buildings and for power production, characterized by high efficiency levels and/or based on renewable energy sources. This Special Issue, published in the journal Energies, includes 12 contributions from across the world, including a wide range of applications, such as HT-PEMFC, district heating systems, a thermoelectric generator for industrial waste, artificial ground freezing, nanofluids, and others.

Research & information: general --- Technology: general issues --- Thermosyphon --- start-up characteristics --- hydrophilic and hydrophobic --- contact angle --- numerical modeling --- heat transfer --- artificial ground freezing --- underground station --- metro in Napoli --- GEO heating --- microwave heating --- microfluidics --- silicon --- chip integration --- industrial waste heat recovery --- thermoelectric generator --- hexagonal heat exchanger --- temperature distribution --- output performance --- combustor --- turbulent Prandtl approaches --- Navier–Stokes simulation --- thermal analysis --- axial permanent magnet coupling (APMC) --- eddy current --- finite element method (FEM) --- lumped-parameter thermal network (LPTN) --- energy efficiency --- induction heating --- resistance heating --- turnouts --- railway --- safety of rail traffic --- stock-rail --- switch-rail --- nanofluid --- entropy generation --- viscous dissipation --- magnetic heating --- high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell --- thermal management --- organic rankine cycle --- plate heat exchanger --- waste heat recovery --- cooling system --- thermodynamic modeling --- shielded metal arc welding --- welding spatter --- electrode --- electrical power --- welding time --- drying --- energy analysis --- exergy analysis --- multiphase model --- multispecies model --- thermodynamics --- Baltic Sea Region --- district heating --- DH network --- smart asset management --- smart grid