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This study documents the labor market outcomes and time-use patterns of women in urban Bangladesh. Using survey data collected in 2018 in low-income neighborhoods of Dhaka, the paper finds that women with children aged 0-5 years have lower likelihood of labor market participation, lower likelihood of working, and lower likelihood of being an earner, compared to women with no children and women with children aged 6 years or older. While this motherhood penalty affects all mothers, those who have young children but have no access to childcare support face the largest penalty. Time-use patterns confirm these findings, indicating that mothers of young children with no access to childcare spend less time on market work, more time on unpaid work, and less time on leisure or other activities. In addition, they are more likely to perform childcare as a secondary activity along with other paid and unpaid work, which may have implications for their productivity and the quality of care provided to children. The paper proposes entry points to ease the double burden of paid and unpaid care work on mothers in urban areas, where the availability and affordability of formal childcare services is low, and community-based or other informal care arrangements are not common.
Access of Poor To Social Services --- Childcare --- Female Labor Force Participation --- Gender --- Gender and Development --- Inequality --- Labor Market --- Labor Policies --- Poverty Reduction --- Secondary Childcare --- Social Development --- Social Inclusion and Institutions --- Time Use
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Tonnoma is the protagonist of her own story of development. 26 years old, illiterate, and married to a man 15 years her senior, Tonnoma lives in a rural area of Burkina Faso. Before finding employment with the Youth Employment and Skills Development Project, she performed household chores and depended on her husband's irregular income to meet the family's needs. His income was not always sufficient, and they lost their fourth child to poverty. Tonnoma's Story: Women's Work and Empowerment in Burkina Faso is based on actual events and the experiences of numerous women. It draws directly from the results of qualitative research on the factors impeding or promoting women's ability to work in Burkina Faso. It offers readers a glimpse into the daily lives of women who live in a rural environment and want to work. This book shows us that emotional relationships matter, that the social and cultural landscape we are born into matters, and that if we want to conduct effective development, we have to listen carefully to the beneficiaries. How do they perceive their circumstances? What influences their behaviors? What helps or hinders women's access to employment-in their view? This book encourages readers to reflect on how to conduct more beneficiary-centered and participatory international development that better responds to realities on the ground.
Behaviour Economics --- Female Employment --- Micro-Enterprise --- Mobile Childcare --- Rural Inclusion --- Skills Development --- Social Policy --- Social Safety Nets --- Youth Employment
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Improving women's labor force participation and the quality of their employment can boost economic growth and support poverty and inequality reduction; thus, it is highly pertinent for the development agenda. However, most systematic reviews on female labor market outcomes and childcare, which can arguably improve these outcomes, are focused on developed countries. This paper reviews 22 studies that plausibly identify the causal impact of institutional childcare on maternal labor market outcomes in lower- and-middle-income countries. All but one study finds positive impacts on the extensive or intensive margin of maternal labor market outcomes, which aligns with findings for developed countries. The paper further analyzes aspects of childcare design, including hours, ages of children, and coordination with other childcare services that may increase the impacts on maternal labor market outcomes. The paper concludes with a discussion of directions for future research.
Childcare --- Female Labor Force Participation --- Gender --- Gender and Development --- Gender and Economics --- Gender Innovation Lab --- Labor Markets --- Labor Policies --- Rural Development --- Rural Labor Markets --- Social Protections and Labor
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Sociology of the family. Sociology of sexuality --- Physiology: reproduction & development. Ages of life --- Gynaecology. Obstetrics --- epidurale anesthesie --- keizersnede --- Gynaecology --- Children --- Childcare --- Motherhood --- Babies --- Telework --- Fatherhood --- Pregnancy --- Childbirth --- Book --- Breast feeding
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"Nearly one hundred years after the Great Depression, Dorothea Lange's indelible photographs remain vivid in our collective memory as the face of unemployment. Her portraits showed down and out men waiting in breadlines and the desperation of families living through the trauma of job loss. Though evocative, however, these pictures don't look much like today's unemployed. Instead of male laborers in breadlines or relief camps, today we see men and women in equal numbers, manual laborers and high-flying executives, high school graduates alongside those with college degrees. The one truth about unemployment held constant between then and now is the anxiety and disquiet Lange captioned, "The Toll of Uncertainty." Ten years ago, we had our own devastating recession, during which one out of every six workers reported a job loss. The lesson we carried from it into the following decade was that all workers are at heightened risk for job loss and its accompanying uncertainty. Although media outlets dubbed the Great Recession of 2007-2009 a "man-cession" because men's job losses were double women's at first, women experienced greater job loss after the so-called "conclusion" of the recession and recovered jobs at a slower rate than men. Women also appeared to face greater economic consequences of job loss: they were more likely than men to experience hunger and deprivation. These trends bring us to the first puzzle at the heart of this book: do women and men experience job loss and its effects differently? Using in-depth interviews from 100 people from rural and urban counties in Pennsylvania, Sarah Damaske investigates how men and women of different classes lose jobs, experience the economic and social ramifications of their unemployment in their own lives and their family life, and begin to search for work again. She argues that many of ways we have thought about unemployment are either incomplete (like the breadline) or just plain wrong"--
Unemployed --- Discrimination in employment --- Unemployment --- Mental health --- Dorothea Lange. --- Great Depression. --- SNAP. --- UI payline. --- childcare labor. --- childcare. --- chronic unemployment. --- economic disaster. --- economic recovery. --- education. --- employment. --- food pantries. --- full-time work. --- gender. --- health insurance. --- healthcare. --- household labor. --- housework. --- illegal discrimination. --- income reduction. --- job loss. --- labor. --- layoff. --- lockstep unemployment. --- lost jobs. --- pink slip. --- plant closure. --- poverty-level. --- recession. --- severance. --- sick days. --- transitory unemployment. --- unemployment benefits. --- unemployment insurance. --- unemployment rate. --- women and work. --- working class.
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This open access book offers an unprecedented analysis of child welfare schemes, situating them in the wider context of post-war policy debates about the care of children. Between 1945 and 1970, an estimated 3,500 children were sent from Britain to Australia, unaccompanied by their parents, through child migration schemes funded by the Australian and British Governments and delivered by churches, religious orders and charities. Functioning in a wider history of the migration of unaccompanied children to overseas British colonies, the post-war schemes to Australia have become the focus of public attention through a series of public reports in Britain and Australia that have documented the harm they caused to many child migrants. Whilst addressing the wide range of organisations involved, the book focuses particularly on knowledge, assumptions and decisions within UK Government Departments and asks why these schemes continued to operate in the post-war period despite often failing to adhere to standards of child-care set out in the influential 1946 Curtis Report. Some factors – such as the tensions between British policy on child-care and assisted migration – are unique to these schemes. However, the book also examines other factors such as complex government systems, fragmented lines of departmental responsibility and civil service cultures that may contribute to the failure of vulnerable people across a much wider range of policy contexts.
British & Irish history --- History --- Colonialism & imperialism --- History of Britain and Ireland --- History, general --- Imperialism and Colonialism --- Australian History --- religion --- charity --- colonies --- open access --- empire --- European history --- Historiography --- Child care --- Church work with children --- Unaccompanied immigrant children --- Government policy --- Immigrant children --- Church work with boys --- Church work with girls --- Children --- Care of children --- Childcare --- Care --- Care and hygiene
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To shed light on the possible scarring effects from Covid-19, this paper studies the economic effects of five past pandemics using local projections on a sample of fifty-five countries over 1990-2019. The findings reveal that pandemics have detrimental medium-term effects on output, unemployment, poverty, and inequality. However, policies can go a long way toward alleviating suffering and fostering an inclusive recovery. The adverse output effects are limited for countries that provided relatively greater fiscal support. The increases in unemployment, poverty, and inequality are likewise lower for countries with relatively greater fiscal support and relatively stronger initial conditions (as defined by higher formality, family benefits, and health spending per capita).
Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Diseases: Contagious --- Public Finance --- Poverty and Homelessness --- Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook: General --- Health: General --- Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty: General --- Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth --- Health Behavior --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- National Government Expenditures and Health --- National Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Infectious & contagious diseases --- Public finance & taxation --- Poverty & precarity --- COVID-19 --- Health --- Income inequality --- National accounts --- Poverty --- Health care spending --- Expenditure --- Maternity and childcare benefit spending --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Communicable diseases --- Expenditures, Public --- Income distribution --- United Arab Emirates
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Some social issues and practices have become dangerous areas for academics to research and write about. ‘Academic freedom’ is increasingly constrained, not just by long established ‘normal’ factors (territoriality, power differentials, competition, protectionism), but also by the increased significance of social media and the rise of identity politics (and activists who treat work which challenges their world view as abusive hate-speech). So extreme are these pressures that some institutions and even statutory bodies now adopt policies and practices which contravene relevant regulations and laws. This book seeks to draw attention to the limiting and damaging effects of academic ‘gagging’. The book, drawn from a special edition of Societies, offers an eclectic series of international articles which may annoy some people. The book challenges taken for granted mainstream assumptions and practices in a number of areas, including gender mainstreaming, social work education, child sexual abuse, the ethnic disaggregation of population groups, fatherhood and masculinity, the erosion of democratic legitimacy, the trap of victimhood and vulnerability, employment practices in universities, and the challenges presented by the widespread and deliberate suppression of scholarship and research. In an analytic postscript Laurent Dubreuil discusses the nature of identity politics and the manner in which its effects can be identified across the many topics covered in these challenging articles.
Early Childhood Education and Care --- child sexual abuse --- prevention policies --- no touch --- teacher–child relationships --- male childcare workers --- stigma --- discrimination --- fear --- panopticon --- moral panic --- Brazilian academia --- interviewing for faculty positions --- Lattes CV --- meritocracy --- criminalisation --- harm --- law --- criminal justice --- freedom --- risk --- abuse --- liberal --- victim --- vulnerability --- critical thinking --- identity politics --- academic freedom --- free speech --- victimhood --- anti-discriminatory practice --- neoliberalism --- shadow management --- new public management --- ombudsman --- rule of law --- transparency --- higher education --- body journal --- Coronavirus --- corporal identity --- narratives --- pandemic --- parenthood --- clan --- academic taboo --- Sweden --- state --- postcolonialism --- research methods --- disparity --- disaggregating data --- Asian Americans --- disability --- mental health --- model minority myth --- free inquiry --- censorship --- conformity --- moral panics --- witch hunts --- heresy --- gender mainstreaming --- Lehrfreiheit --- university autonomy --- UNESCO
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To shed light on the possible scarring effects from Covid-19, this paper studies the economic effects of five past pandemics using local projections on a sample of fifty-five countries over 1990-2019. The findings reveal that pandemics have detrimental medium-term effects on output, unemployment, poverty, and inequality. However, policies can go a long way toward alleviating suffering and fostering an inclusive recovery. The adverse output effects are limited for countries that provided relatively greater fiscal support. The increases in unemployment, poverty, and inequality are likewise lower for countries with relatively greater fiscal support and relatively stronger initial conditions (as defined by higher formality, family benefits, and health spending per capita).
United Arab Emirates --- Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Diseases: Contagious --- Public Finance --- Poverty and Homelessness --- Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook: General --- Health: General --- Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty: General --- Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth --- Health Behavior --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- National Government Expenditures and Health --- National Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Infectious & contagious diseases --- Public finance & taxation --- Poverty & precarity --- COVID-19 --- Health --- Income inequality --- National accounts --- Poverty --- Health care spending --- Expenditure --- Maternity and childcare benefit spending --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Communicable diseases --- Expenditures, Public --- Income distribution --- Covid-19
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Some social issues and practices have become dangerous areas for academics to research and write about. ‘Academic freedom’ is increasingly constrained, not just by long established ‘normal’ factors (territoriality, power differentials, competition, protectionism), but also by the increased significance of social media and the rise of identity politics (and activists who treat work which challenges their world view as abusive hate-speech). So extreme are these pressures that some institutions and even statutory bodies now adopt policies and practices which contravene relevant regulations and laws. This book seeks to draw attention to the limiting and damaging effects of academic ‘gagging’. The book, drawn from a special edition of Societies, offers an eclectic series of international articles which may annoy some people. The book challenges taken for granted mainstream assumptions and practices in a number of areas, including gender mainstreaming, social work education, child sexual abuse, the ethnic disaggregation of population groups, fatherhood and masculinity, the erosion of democratic legitimacy, the trap of victimhood and vulnerability, employment practices in universities, and the challenges presented by the widespread and deliberate suppression of scholarship and research. In an analytic postscript Laurent Dubreuil discusses the nature of identity politics and the manner in which its effects can be identified across the many topics covered in these challenging articles.
Humanities --- Social interaction --- Early Childhood Education and Care --- child sexual abuse --- prevention policies --- no touch --- teacher–child relationships --- male childcare workers --- stigma --- discrimination --- fear --- panopticon --- moral panic --- Brazilian academia --- interviewing for faculty positions --- Lattes CV --- meritocracy --- criminalisation --- harm --- law --- criminal justice --- freedom --- risk --- abuse --- liberal --- victim --- vulnerability --- critical thinking --- identity politics --- academic freedom --- free speech --- victimhood --- anti-discriminatory practice --- neoliberalism --- shadow management --- new public management --- ombudsman --- rule of law --- transparency --- higher education --- body journal --- Coronavirus --- corporal identity --- narratives --- pandemic --- parenthood --- clan --- academic taboo --- Sweden --- state --- postcolonialism --- research methods --- disparity --- disaggregating data --- Asian Americans --- disability --- mental health --- model minority myth --- free inquiry --- censorship --- conformity --- moral panics --- witch hunts --- heresy --- gender mainstreaming --- Lehrfreiheit --- university autonomy --- UNESCO
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