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"This book offers the first long-term analysis of the protracted struggle between Britain, France, Prussia, Russia and Sweden for economic power and political influence in the northern part of the Eurasian continent between 1660 and 1860. The book shows how their commercial, diplomatic and military entanglements determined the course of Baltic trade from the late 17th to the mid-19th century, provoking, among other things, the decline of the Dutch Republic and the partitions of Poland-Lithuania. The book conceptualizes the Baltic Sea as one of North Eurasia's western border basins, alongside the White, Black and Caspian Seas, and employs novel statistical series of Baltic trade as a proxy for the long-term development of North Eurasian trade in world history. Based on extensive quantitative evidence and sources for the history of international relations, the book outlines how North Eurasian trade became an object of growing tensions between various larger and smaller powers with a stake in North Eurasia's riches. The book addresses the long-term impact of mercantilist policies, territorial greed, and military conflicts in North Eurasia's border basins, and accentuates the significance of developments in the preindustrial transport and commercial infrastructure of the North Eurasian landmass. Employing the concept of North Eurasia and its different borderlands and border basins, the book overcomes previous limitations in the historiography of globalization and sheds light on a large, continental landmass, which researchers tend to leave aside for the benefit of a predominant maritime perspective in historical studies of globalization. The book will be invaluable reading for students and scholars interested in world history, East European history, and the history of international relations and trade"--

Economic history. --- Baltic Sea Region --- Commerce.

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Coastal regions are susceptible to rapid changes, as they constitute the boundary between the land and the sea. The resilience of a particular segment of coast depends on many factors, including climate change, sea-level changes, natural and technological hazards, extraction of natural resources, population growth, and tourism. Recent research highlights the strong capabilities for remote sensing applications to monitor, inventory, and analyze the coastal environment. This book contains 12 high-quality and innovative scientific papers that explore, evaluate, and implement the use of remote sensing sensors within both natural and built coastal environments.

Research & information: general --- big data applications --- data processing --- data visualization --- neural networks --- reduction --- coastal waters --- urban expansion --- remote sensing and GIS --- expansion types and rates --- major explanatory factors --- Miami metropolitan area --- cliff coastlines --- cliff retreat --- time-series analysis --- airborne laser scanner --- warm upwelling --- sea surface temperature --- numerical modelling --- winter --- southern Baltic Sea --- beach monitoring --- mobile terrestrial LiDAR --- intensity calibration --- beach surface moisture --- Baltic coast --- Poland --- CORINE Land Cover --- land cover flow --- urbanisation --- afforestation --- deforestation --- spatial analysis --- SDGs --- coastal habitats --- ecosystem monitoring --- land cover mapping --- random forest algorithm --- Sentinel-2 --- modified soil-adjusted vegetation index 2-MSAVI2 --- normalized difference water index 2-NDWI2 --- brightness index 2-BI2 --- oil spill --- remote sensing --- review --- machine learning --- deep learning --- trajectory modeling --- vulnerability assessment --- coastal geomorphology --- shoreline change --- coastal process --- monitoring --- geomatic techniques --- Po River Delta --- archival multi-temporal data --- coastline changes --- emerged/submerged surfaces --- land subsidence --- relative sea level rise 2100 --- land cover --- dune coast --- air photograph --- South Baltic Sea --- coastal monitoring --- estuaries --- IoT --- lidar

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Coastal regions are susceptible to rapid changes, as they constitute the boundary between the land and the sea. The resilience of a particular segment of coast depends on many factors, including climate change, sea-level changes, natural and technological hazards, extraction of natural resources, population growth, and tourism. Recent research highlights the strong capabilities for remote sensing applications to monitor, inventory, and analyze the coastal environment. This book contains 12 high-quality and innovative scientific papers that explore, evaluate, and implement the use of remote sensing sensors within both natural and built coastal environments.

big data applications --- data processing --- data visualization --- neural networks --- reduction --- coastal waters --- urban expansion --- remote sensing and GIS --- expansion types and rates --- major explanatory factors --- Miami metropolitan area --- cliff coastlines --- cliff retreat --- time-series analysis --- airborne laser scanner --- warm upwelling --- sea surface temperature --- numerical modelling --- winter --- southern Baltic Sea --- beach monitoring --- mobile terrestrial LiDAR --- intensity calibration --- beach surface moisture --- Baltic coast --- Poland --- CORINE Land Cover --- land cover flow --- urbanisation --- afforestation --- deforestation --- spatial analysis --- SDGs --- coastal habitats --- ecosystem monitoring --- land cover mapping --- random forest algorithm --- Sentinel-2 --- modified soil-adjusted vegetation index 2–MSAVI2 --- normalized difference water index 2–NDWI2 --- brightness index 2–BI2 --- oil spill --- remote sensing --- review --- machine learning --- deep learning --- trajectory modeling --- vulnerability assessment --- coastal geomorphology --- shoreline change --- coastal process --- monitoring --- geomatic techniques --- Po River Delta --- archival multi-temporal data --- coastline changes --- emerged/submerged surfaces --- land subsidence --- relative sea level rise 2100 --- land cover --- dune coast --- air photograph --- South Baltic Sea --- coastal monitoring --- estuaries --- IoT --- lidar --- n/a --- modified soil-adjusted vegetation index 2-MSAVI2 --- normalized difference water index 2-NDWI2 --- brightness index 2-BI2

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This book includes papers published in the Special Issue titled “Coastal Dynamic and Evolution”, which aimed to collect multidisciplinary studies that involved the evaluation of coastal evolution at different temporal scales, from hours and days to months and years, as well as historical changes. The volume contains investigations carried out by means of aerial photos and satellite images, as well as results from in situ surveys and observations aimed at assessing morphological changes in shoreline and dune systems as a consequence of chronic flooding and erosion processes or the occurrence of specific weather-related events. Studies on the evaluation of past and future sea-level variations and related impacts have also been included. In order to provide the reader with a wide overview of different coastal settings and methodological approaches, case studies from Russia, Italy, California (USA), Morocco, Spain, Indonesia, Ireland and Colombia have been included in this Special Issue. The content may be of interest to those who perform a wide range of investigations related to coastal analysis and management, especially to researchers and academics who can exploit the provided approaches and methodologies.

Research & information: general --- cultural heritage --- shoreline dynamics --- GIS --- UAV --- Palaeolithic --- Volga --- European Russia --- XBeach --- inundation --- erosion --- BSS --- Sant Esteve 2008 --- coarse sediment --- D50 --- sieving --- sand size --- sand parameters --- coastal dynamics --- aesthetic appeal --- Baltic Sea --- coastal dunes --- Curonian Spit --- Delphi technique --- paired comparison survey --- psychophysical approach --- Jakarta Bay --- sea level rise --- river discharge --- flooding --- tides --- currents --- beach ridges --- mathematical reconstruction --- curve fitting --- Ombrone River Delta --- coastline --- cliff and bluff retreat --- erosion rate --- uncertainty --- sea-level rise --- adaptive management --- Alicante --- beach nourishment --- CIEL*a*b* --- coastal management --- Costa Blanca --- mineralogical characterization --- sediment colour --- tourism --- western Mediterranean --- EOF --- beach profiles --- reef flat --- sand rich --- accretion --- mangrove --- coastal dynamic --- salinization --- Rhizophora mangle --- Avicennia germinans --- Laguncularia racemosa --- wave energy --- Hurricane Katia --- longshore transport --- dissipative --- tsunami propagation --- tsunami flooding --- sicilian coast --- coastal hazard --- dune characterization --- anthropic occupation --- fragmentation index --- dune surface --- coastal landscape evolution --- geomorphological analysis --- palaeo-shore platform --- relative sea-level changes --- sea-level proxy --- vertical ground movements --- campi flegrei volcanic area --- coastal landscapes --- coastal evolution assessment

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In recent years, the scientific community’s interest towards efficient energy conversion systems has significantly increased. One of the reasons is certainly related to the change in the temperature of the planet, which appears to have increased by 0.76 °C with respect to pre-industrial levels, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and this trend has not yet been stopped. The European Union considers it vital to prevent global warming from exceeding 2 °C with respect to pre-industrial levels, since this phenomenon has been proven to result in irreversible and potentially catastrophic changes. These climate changes are mainly caused by the emissions of greenhouse gasses related to human activities, and can be drastically reduced by employing energy systems, for both heating and cooling of buildings and for power production, characterized by high efficiency levels and/or based on renewable energy sources. This Special Issue, published in the journal Energies, includes 12 contributions from across the world, including a wide range of applications, such as HT-PEMFC, district heating systems, a thermoelectric generator for industrial waste, artificial ground freezing, nanofluids, and others.

Thermosyphon --- start-up characteristics --- hydrophilic and hydrophobic --- contact angle --- numerical modeling --- heat transfer --- artificial ground freezing --- underground station --- metro in Napoli --- GEO heating --- microwave heating --- microfluidics --- silicon --- chip integration --- industrial waste heat recovery --- thermoelectric generator --- hexagonal heat exchanger --- temperature distribution --- output performance --- combustor --- turbulent Prandtl approaches --- Navier–Stokes simulation --- thermal analysis --- axial permanent magnet coupling (APMC) --- eddy current --- finite element method (FEM) --- lumped-parameter thermal network (LPTN) --- energy efficiency --- induction heating --- resistance heating --- turnouts --- railway --- safety of rail traffic --- stock-rail --- switch-rail --- nanofluid --- entropy generation --- viscous dissipation --- magnetic heating --- high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell --- thermal management --- organic rankine cycle --- plate heat exchanger --- waste heat recovery --- cooling system --- thermodynamic modeling --- shielded metal arc welding --- welding spatter --- electrode --- electrical power --- welding time --- drying --- energy analysis --- exergy analysis --- multiphase model --- multispecies model --- thermodynamics --- Baltic Sea Region --- district heating --- DH network --- smart asset management --- smart grid