Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This document addresses the available data on the toxicity of calcium phosphate salts. Calcium phosphate salts are considered in this document separate from the other inorganic phosphates (sodium, potassium, ammonium, and aluminum phosphates) based on the expectation that the presence of calcium would influence the chemistry, toxicokinetics, and/or toxicity of the phosphate salt relative to the other classes of inorganic phosphates. Calcium phosphates are much less soluble than sodium or potassium phosphates (Gilmour, 2019). In addition, interactions between phosphate and calcium occur both in the intestine (where calcium phosphate formation reduces absorption of both ions) and in the kidney (where phosphate decreases urinary calcium excretion) [as reviewed by EFSA (2015)]. There is evidence that the ration of calcium:phosphate (Ca:P) is an important determinant of phosphate toxicity; thus, administration of calcium phosphate might be expected to yield different toxicological effects than administration of sodium or potassium phosphate. The reader is referred to the PPRTV documents for sodium, potassium, ammonium, and aluminum phosphates for assessments of those inorganic phosphate salts.

Phosphates.

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Ce travail de fin d'études a pour premier objectif de développer un modèle numérique de stockage thermique à lit fixe qui pourra servir à John Cockerill Solar pour une majorité de ses travaux de R&D futurs. En effet, le stockage d'énergie thermique occupe une part de plus en plus importante dans la stratégie de John Cockerill Solar qui prévoit d'ailleurs de changer de nom pour s'appeler John Cockerill Solar & thermal storage à l'avenir. Cependant avant de pouvoir envisager un déploiement à grande échelle et devenir l'un des leaders mondiaux en systèmes de stockage thermique à lit fixe, un démonstrateur doit être construit et testé afin que le département Solar puisse gagner en maturité avec cette technologie. Dès lors, un second objectif de ce travail de fin d'études est d'établir le design de ce démonstrateur et de simuler son comportement grâce au modèle thermique pour des cycles de charge-décharge successifs. Des indicateurs de performance associés à ces cycles sont également définis et calculés. Ils permettront de vérifier les performances atteintes par le démonstrateur une fois qu'il aura été construit et testé pour ces cycles.

La dernière partie de ce travail de fin d'études est orientée vers l'exploitation de ce type de stockage dans un projet de R&D à grande échelle dénommé Solheatair. Ce projet vise à subvenir aux besoins en air à très hautes températures (800-1200°C) d'entreprises manufacturières lourdes grâce à une installation hybride exploitant l'énergie solaire au travers d'une centrale solaire thermique et d'une installation photovoltaïque ainsi que l'énergie éolienne. Jusqu'à présent, une telle application n'était pas envisageable car aucun système de stockage thermique ne pouvait être exploité à de telles températures. De plus, les récepteurs solaires industriels n'utilisent pas de l'air comme fluide caloporteur au vu de ses mauvaises propriétés thermiques et ne peuvent alors pas monter à de si hautes températures. Pour contrer cet inconvénient, John Cockerill Solar a pour ambition de développer le tout premier récepteur volumétrique à air à l'échelle industrielle du marché.

Afin de tirer une première indication quant à la viabilité économique du projet Solheatair, un cas d'étude est analysé. Il s'agit du processus industriel de la société Carmeuse à Oman qui nécessite en continu de l'air chaud à de très hautes températures. A cette fin, l'installation hybride est dimensionnée arbitrairement de manière à ce que la centrale solaire thermique soit la source énergétique principale tandis que les éoliennes et l'installation photovoltaïque assurent un apport énergétique secondaire mais tout de même suffisamment important. Sur base des dimensions des différents modules, les dépenses en capital (CAPEX) et les dépenses de fonctionnement (OPEX) associées à cette installation ont pu être estimées via de nombreux contacts avec des collaborateurs de John Cockerill. Bien évaluer ces dépenses est primordial car leurs valeurs auront un impact direct sur la liquidité des clients potentiels mais aussi sur la rentabilité du projet. Pour mieux caractériser la rentabilité, qui est le paramètre le plus important pour tout client potentiel, le temps de retour simple (TRS) et le taux de rentabilité interne (TRI) ont été évalués comme valant respectivement 9.6 années et 9.76%. Ces résultats obtenus sont attractifs mais pas suffisamment pour Carmeuse qui a déclaré ne pas accepter le projet à moins que le taux de rentabilité interne ne soit de 15%. De plus dans l'état actuel, l'installation hybride proposée ne semble pas technologiquement viable. Dès lors une solution alternative utilisant uniquement la centrale solaire thermique, le stockage thermique et le brûleur à gaz actuellement employé par Carmeuse est proposée par l'auteur de ce rapport. Cette solution s'est montrée à la fois technologiquement viable et suffisamment rentable puisque le taux de rentabilité interne obtenu est de 20.7%. The primary aim of this master thesis is to develop a numerical model of a fixed bed thermal storage that can be used by John Cockerill Solar for most of its future R&D projects. Indeed, thermal energy storage has a growing influence on the strategy of John Cockerill Solar which even plans to change its name to John Cockerill Solar & thermal storage. However, before being able to consider a large-scale deployment and become one of the world leaders in fixed bed thermal storage systems, a demonstrator must be built and tested so that the Solar department can mature with this technology. Therefore, a second aim of this master thesis is to establish the design of this demonstrator and to simulate its behavior thanks to the thermal model for successive charge-discharge cycles. Performance indicators associated with these cycles are also defined and calculated. They will make it possible to verify the performance achieved by the demonstrator once it has been built and tested for these cycles.

The last part of this master thesis is oriented towards the exploitation of this type of storage in a large-scale R&D project called Solheatair. This project aims to meet the air needs at very high temperatures (800-1200 °C) of heavy manufacturing companies through a hybrid installation using solar energy through a solar thermal power plant and a photovoltaic installation as well as wind power. Until now, such an application was not possible because no thermal storage system could be operated at such temperatures. In addition, industrial solar receivers do not use air as heat transfer fluid because of its poor thermal properties and therefore cannot rise to such high temperatures. To counter this drawback, John Cockerill Solar aims to develop the very first volumetric air receiver on an industrial scale on the market. 

In order to draw a first indication on the economic viability of the Solheatair project, a case study is analyzed. It is the industrial process of the company Carmeuse in Oman which continuously requires air at very high temperatures. To this end, the hybrid installation is arbitrarily sized so that the thermal solar power plant is the main energy source while the wind turbines and the photovoltaic installation provide a secondary energy supply while being sufficiently large. Based on the knowledge of the dimensions of the different modules, the capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operating expenditure (OPEX) associated with this installation could be estimated through numerous contacts with John Cockerill employees. Properly assessing these expenses is essential because their values will have a direct impact on the liquidity of potential customers but also on the profitability of the project. To better characterize profitability which is the most important parameter for any potential customer, the Simple Return Time (SRT) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) were evaluated to be of 9.6 years and 9.76% respectively. These results are attractive but not enough for Carmeuse which will not accept the project unless the internal rate of return is at least 15%. In addition, in the current state, the proposed hybrid installation does not seem technologically viable. Therefore an alternative solution using only the thermal solar power station, the thermal storage and the gas burner currently used by Carmeuse is proposed by the author of this report. This solution has proved to be both technologically viable and sufficiently profitable since the internal rate of return obtained is 20.7%.

modélisation numérique --- éléments finis --- transferts de chaleur --- stockage thermique --- lit fixe --- air --- pellets phosphatés --- rentabilité économique --- énergie renouvelable --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Ingénierie civile

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Coatings based on hydroxyapatite and calcium phosphates have a significant relevance in several research fields, such as biomaterials, cultural heritage, and water treatment, due to their characteristic properties. Hydroxyapatite can easily accommodate foreign ions, which can either be incorporated into the lattice, thanks to its specific lattice characteristics, or be adsorbed onto its surface. All these substitutions significantly alter the morphology, lattice parameters, and crystallinity of hydroxyapatite so they influence its main properties. These ion substitutions can be sought or can derive from substrate contaminations, which is an important aspect to be evaluated. Finally, this capability can be used to obtain hydroxyapatites with specific properties, such as antibacterial characteristics, among others. For these reasons, the aim of this Special Issue is to document current advances in the field of ion-substituted hydroxyapatites and highlight possible future perspectives regarding their use. Contributions in the form of original articles and review articles are presented, covering different areas of application.

calcium phosphates --- ion-substituted apatites --- bone regeneration --- plasma-assisted deposition --- solubility --- crystallinity --- composition --- lithium-doped hydroxyapatite coatings --- renewable resources for implant coatings --- pulsed laser deposition --- biocompatibility --- inhibition of microbial biofilms development --- zinc --- hydroxyapatite --- ultrasound measurement --- sol–gel spin coating --- layers --- C. albicans --- S. aureus --- calcium phosphate --- magnesium phosphate --- struvite --- dolomite --- consolidating treatment --- cultural heritage --- ammonium phosphate --- marble --- calcite --- dissolution --- electrodeposition --- protective coatings --- acid attack --- potential --- current --- RF magnetron sputtering --- GLAD --- carbonated hydroxyapatite --- nanomaterials --- coatings --- cave painting --- inorganic consolidant --- ethyl silicate --- TEOS --- non-thermal plasma --- wettability --- bone --- allograft --- autograft --- xenograft --- ion-substituted calcium phosphates --- nanostructured coatings

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Ion-sensitive membrane-based sensors and ionic processes in bio-membranes are the focus of this book. The chapters are carefully chosen to characterize essential research trends, applications, and perspectives. They include solid contact ion-selective and reference electrodes and their electroanalytical behavior in zero and nonzero-current modes, planar and miniaturized multielectrode platforms, ion monitoring in extreme sports, and transmembrane transport through living endothelial cells to find the volume. This book is crowned by the consideration of a yet unexplored ion status in a mitochondrial matrix

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- potentiometry --- reference electrode --- solid contact --- heterogenous membranes --- polymer membranes --- ion transport --- water transport --- epithelium --- cystic fibrosis --- mitochondrion --- calcium carbonates --- calcium phosphates --- calcium polyphosphates --- ATP production --- hypoxia --- ischemia --- pre-conditioning --- ion selective electrodes --- wearable sensors --- solid-contact materials --- response mechanism --- anhydrous and hydrous ruthenium dioxide --- porous microstructure --- high capacity --- stable measuring signal --- chemically modified electrodes --- membrane-coated voltammetric sensors --- antidepressant and immunosuppressant drugs --- detection limit --- resolution --- ion-selective membranes --- components leakage --- incorporation --- all-solid-state sensors --- potentiometry --- reference electrode --- solid contact --- heterogenous membranes --- polymer membranes --- ion transport --- water transport --- epithelium --- cystic fibrosis --- mitochondrion --- calcium carbonates --- calcium phosphates --- calcium polyphosphates --- ATP production --- hypoxia --- ischemia --- pre-conditioning --- ion selective electrodes --- wearable sensors --- solid-contact materials --- response mechanism --- anhydrous and hydrous ruthenium dioxide --- porous microstructure --- high capacity --- stable measuring signal --- chemically modified electrodes --- membrane-coated voltammetric sensors --- antidepressant and immunosuppressant drugs --- detection limit --- resolution --- ion-selective membranes --- components leakage --- incorporation --- all-solid-state sensors

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This new MDPI book should be of interest to a wide range of readers. Students of a variety of faculties, employees of the food industry, producers of functional food, farmers, and nutritionists will certainly be interested. The book provides new information on legumes, their nutritional value, the content of biologically active compounds, and changes in the activity of these compounds as a result of the application of various technological processes. The book will not only increase the knowledge of readers but also potentially motivate them to change their diets by including legumes on the menu. According to nutritionists' recommendations, such a change has a positive effect on health.

Technology: general issues --- endogenous enzyme --- phenolic compounds --- ultra-high performance liquid chromatography --- response surface methodology --- beans --- iron --- zinc and copper bioaccessibility --- myo-inositol phosphates --- anti-nutrients --- polyphenols --- household processing --- peanut-oil --- food-analysis --- peanut-oil-adulteration --- infrared-spectroscopy --- partial-least-regression-analysis --- food-quality-assurance --- mesquite --- Prosopis laevigata --- extrusion --- radical scavenging capacity --- apigenin --- tempeh --- Phaseolus vulgaris L. --- nutritional value --- sensory analysis --- Glycine max L. --- grass pea --- Lathyrus sativus --- antioxidant activity --- n/a