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Mail armour (commonly mislabelled 'chainmail') was used for more than two millennia on the battlefield. After its invention in the Iron Age, mail rapidly spread all over Europe and beyond. The Roman army, keen on new military technology, soon adopted mail armour and used it successfully for centuries. Its history did not stop there and mail played a vital role in warfare during the Middle Ages up to the Early Modern Period. Given its long history, one would think mail is a well-documented material, but that is not the case. For the first time, this books lays a solid foundation for the understanding of mail armour and its context through time. It applies a long-term multi-dimensional approach to extract a wealth of as yet untapped information from archaeological, iconographic and written sources. This is complemented with technical insights on the mail maker's chaîne operatoire.

Armor, Medieval --- Armor, Ancient --- History. --- Ancient armor --- Arms and armor, Ancient --- Medieval armor --- multi-dimensional approach to material culture, development and transition of technology military equipment long-term: Iron Age - Roman period - Middle Ages.

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La crise sanitaire liée à la covid-19, a ébranlé le système agroalimentaire français. Les circuits 
alimentaires de proximité (ou CAP) ont été aussi impacté. Cependant ces espaces ont plutôt 
bien résisté pendant la crise et ils ont renforcé la résilience des chaînes d’approvisionnement 
par rapport aux circuits de la grande distribution. La pandémie a remis en question les modèles 
d’approvisionnement de la grande distribution ou le prix de vente est la priorité en proposant 
ou en réactivant de nouveaux circuits de vente. Ils apportent d’autres relations que financières 
entre le consommateur et le producteur. Ce travail de fin d’étude a pour objectif de voir l’impact 
de la pandémie sur la distribution des denrées alimentaires au niveau des CAP des Cotes 
d’Armor. L’auteur a choisi d’étudier ce qui a été fait vis-à-vis de quatre typologies qui sont :la 
vente directe, les paniers, les marchés de plein vent et les associations pour le maintien d’une 
agriculture paysanne (en abrégée AMAP). En parallèle, le profil des producteurs sera analysé 
afin de déceler ceux qui ont le plus grand potentiel d’innovation. 
Pour faire face à ce nouveau défi, les professionnels du secteur ainsi que les citoyens engagés 
ont dû s’adapter pour faire face aux évènements. Nous avons pu observer sur le département 
des Côtes-d’Armor la réalisation de nombreuses initiatives suivant une approche " bottom-up" 
sur l’ensemble de celles-ci. Les moyens mis en œuvre s’illustrent par la mise en place de drive 
fermiers, de service de livraison ainsi que le recours à une modalité de commercialisation 
supplémentaire. Les agriculteurs ayant mis en place de nouvelles modalités d’écoulements ont 
un profil d’innovateur, d’hédoniste efficace et de spécialiste engagé. Toutefois les modalités 
qui se sont maintenues après un an et demi de pandémie sont rattaché à la première catégorie 
est représenté 63% des initiatives.

circuits alimentaires de proximité, Covid-19,Cotes d'Armor, distribution,Drive, livraison --- Sciences du vivant > Agriculture & agronomie

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The Viking Age (c. 750-1050 AD) is conventionally seen as a tumultuous time when hordes of fierce warriors from Scandinavia wreaked havoc across the European continent and when Norse merchants travelled to distant corners of the world in pursuit of slaves, silver, and exotic commodities. Until relatively recently, archaeologists and textual scholars had the tendency to weave a largely male-dominated image of this pivotal period in world history, dismissing or substantially downplaying women's roles in Norse society. Today, however, there is ample evidence to suggest that many of the most spectacular achievements of Viking Age Scandinavians - for instance in craftsmanship, exploration, cross-cultural trade, warfare and other spheres of life - would not have been possible without the active involvement of women. Extant textual sources as well as the perpetually expanding corpus of archaeological evidence thus demonstrate unequivocally that both within the walls of the household and in the wider public arena women’s voices were heard, respected and followed.This pioneering and beautifully illustrated monograph provides an in-depth exploration of women's associations with the martial sphere of life in the Viking Age. The multifarious motivations and circumstances that led women to engage in armed conflict or other activities whereby weapons served as potent symbols of prestige and empowerment are illuminated and interpreted through an interdisciplinary approach to medieval literature and archaeological evidence from Scandinavia and the wider Viking world. Additional cross-cultural excursions into the lives and legends of female warriors in other past and present cultural milieus - from the Asiatic steppes to the savannas of Africa and European battlefields – lead to a nuanced understanding of the idea of the armed woman and its embodiments in Norse literature, myth and archaeological reality.

Women, Viking --- Women --- Weapons --- Vikings --- Northmen --- Arms and armor --- Weaponry --- Weapons, Primitive --- Implements, utensils, etc. --- Tools --- Armor --- Human females --- Wimmin --- Woman --- Womon --- Womyn --- Females --- Human beings --- Femininity --- Viking women --- History --- Scandinavia --- Antiquities. --- Femmes vikings --- Femmes --- Vikings. --- Weapons. --- Women, Viking. --- Histoire. --- Histoire --- Middle Ages. --- History. --- To 1500. --- Scandinavia. --- Scandinavie --- Antiquités.

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This book is the result of a stimulating Special Issue of Water, focusing on the “Interaction between waves and Maritime Structures”. This broadly inclusive title allowed the gathering of articles on different topics of engineering concern, making the book appeal to both scientists and practical engineers. Original contributions on evergreen problems, such as wave overtopping at conventional and unconventional coastal structures, wave-induced pressures at vertical walls, hydraulic stability of rubble mound breakwaters and dynamics of crown-walls indeed represent the main core of the book; however, other intriguing research topics are also tackled, including the solution of the Navier–Stokes equations for biphase flows, the downscaling of large maritime structures in a physical lab, floating bodies mechanics and the numerical modeling of coastline evolution.

Technology: general issues --- rock armor stability --- breakwater --- damage --- notional permeability factor --- crown wall failure --- dynamic response --- sliding --- overturning --- bearing capacity --- ship motions --- in-situ observations --- port operation --- transfer functions --- meteorological and ocean conditions --- vessel dimensions --- electrical platform --- hydrodynamic response --- strain --- acceleration --- hydroelastic similarity --- laboratory experiment --- wave overtopping --- flow velocity --- flow depth --- dike --- wave breaking --- experiments --- numerical modelling --- n/a --- floating cylinder --- water filled --- motion capturing --- wave tank --- wave gauges --- fluid–structure interaction --- free surface --- sloshing --- image analysis --- green water --- wet dam-break bore --- 2D experimental study --- water elevation database --- Venetian lagoon --- flooding --- astronomical tide --- storm surge --- experimental investigation --- two-phase flows --- fluid-structure interactions --- wave decomposition --- floating body --- recurves --- recurve geometry --- vertical seawalls --- wave loads and pressures --- pulsating and impulsive conditions --- validation experiment --- shoreline evolution --- littoral drift --- equivalent wave --- one-line equation --- coastal defenses --- structure response --- fluid-structure interaction

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This book is the result of a stimulating Special Issue of Water, focusing on the “Interaction between waves and Maritime Structures”. This broadly inclusive title allowed the gathering of articles on different topics of engineering concern, making the book appeal to both scientists and practical engineers. Original contributions on evergreen problems, such as wave overtopping at conventional and unconventional coastal structures, wave-induced pressures at vertical walls, hydraulic stability of rubble mound breakwaters and dynamics of crown-walls indeed represent the main core of the book; however, other intriguing research topics are also tackled, including the solution of the Navier–Stokes equations for biphase flows, the downscaling of large maritime structures in a physical lab, floating bodies mechanics and the numerical modeling of coastline evolution.

Technology: general issues --- rock armor stability --- breakwater --- damage --- notional permeability factor --- crown wall failure --- dynamic response --- sliding --- overturning --- bearing capacity --- ship motions --- in-situ observations --- port operation --- transfer functions --- meteorological and ocean conditions --- vessel dimensions --- electrical platform --- hydrodynamic response --- strain --- acceleration --- hydroelastic similarity --- laboratory experiment --- wave overtopping --- flow velocity --- flow depth --- dike --- wave breaking --- experiments --- numerical modelling --- floating cylinder --- water filled --- motion capturing --- wave tank --- wave gauges --- fluid-structure interaction --- free surface --- sloshing --- image analysis --- green water --- wet dam-break bore --- 2D experimental study --- water elevation database --- Venetian lagoon --- flooding --- astronomical tide --- storm surge --- experimental investigation --- two-phase flows --- fluid-structure interactions --- wave decomposition --- floating body --- recurves --- recurve geometry --- vertical seawalls --- wave loads and pressures --- pulsating and impulsive conditions --- validation experiment --- shoreline evolution --- littoral drift --- equivalent wave --- one-line equation --- coastal defenses --- structure response --- rock armor stability --- breakwater --- damage --- notional permeability factor --- crown wall failure --- dynamic response --- sliding --- overturning --- bearing capacity --- ship motions --- in-situ observations --- port operation --- transfer functions --- meteorological and ocean conditions --- vessel dimensions --- electrical platform --- hydrodynamic response --- strain --- acceleration --- hydroelastic similarity --- laboratory experiment --- wave overtopping --- flow velocity --- flow depth --- dike --- wave breaking --- experiments --- numerical modelling --- floating cylinder --- water filled --- motion capturing --- wave tank --- wave gauges --- fluid-structure interaction --- free surface --- sloshing --- image analysis --- green water --- wet dam-break bore --- 2D experimental study --- water elevation database --- Venetian lagoon --- flooding --- astronomical tide --- storm surge --- experimental investigation --- two-phase flows --- fluid-structure interactions --- wave decomposition --- floating body --- recurves --- recurve geometry --- vertical seawalls --- wave loads and pressures --- pulsating and impulsive conditions --- validation experiment --- shoreline evolution --- littoral drift --- equivalent wave --- one-line equation --- coastal defenses --- structure response