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This landmark volume combines classic and revisionist essays to explore the historiography of Sardinia's exceptional transition from an island of the Byzantine empire to the rise of its own autonomous rulers, the iudikes , by the 1000s. In addition to Sardinia's contacts with the Byzantines, Muslim North Africa and Spain, Lombard Italy, Genoa, Pisa, and the papacy, recent and older evidence is analysed through Latin, Greek and Arabic sources, vernacular charters and cartularies, the testimony of coinage, seals, onomastics and epigraphy as well as the Sardinia's early medieval churches, arts, architecture and archaeology. The result is an important new critique of state formation at the margins of Byzantium, Islam, and the Latin West with the creation of lasting cultural, political and linguistic frontiers in the western Mediterranean. Contributors are Hervin Fernández-Aceves, Luciano Gallinari, Rossana Martorelli, Attilio Mastino, Alex Metcalfe, Marco Muresu, Michele Orrù, Andrea Pala, Giulio Paulis, Giovanni Strinna, Alberto Virdis, Maurizio Virdis, and Corrado Zedda.

Historiography --- Historical criticism --- History --- Authorship --- Criticism --- Sardinia (Italy) --- Subalpine Kingdom (Italy) --- Sardegna (Italy) --- Cerdeña (Italy) --- Sardenya (Italy) --- Sardinien (Italy) --- Sardaigne (Italy) --- Sardinyah (Italy) --- Regione autonoma della Sardegna (Italy) --- Regione sarda (Italy) --- Regione Sardegna (Italy) --- Sardinija (Italy) --- Sardigna (Italy) --- Sardìnnia (Italy) --- Sardhigna (Italy) --- Saldigna (Italy) --- Regione autònoma de Sardigna (Italy) --- Autonomous Region of Sardinia (Italy) --- Sardinia (Kingdom) --- Italy --- Historiography.

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Economic theory suggests that energy subsidies can lead to excessive consumption and environmental degradation. However, the precise impact of energy subsidies is not well understood. We analyze a large energy subsidy: the California Alternate Rates for Energy (CARE). CARE provides a price reduction for low-income consumers of natural gas and electricity. Using a natural field experiment, we estimate the price elasticity of demand for natural gas to be about -0.35 for CARE customers. An economic model of this subsidy yields three results. First, the natural gas subsidy appears to reduce welfare. Second, the economic impact of various policies, such as cap-and-trade, depends on whether prices for various customers move closer to the marginal social cost. Third, benefits to CARE customers need to increase by 6% to offset the costs of the program.