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Oku Okut Academy organizes the Turkish Symposium of Social Sciences to bring together professionals who continue their research in the field of Social Sciences and graduate students who continue their education in the field to enable the transfer of experience and strengthen interdisciplinary studies, and contribute to the academic output. Applications to the symposium may be submitted in the fields of Archeology, Anthropology, Literature, Education, Philosophy, Philology, Law, Economics, Theology, Communication, Business, Architecture, Psychology, Art, Political Science, Social Work, Sociology, History, and International Relations. Applications are reviewed by the Symposium Scientific Committee and subjected to the evaluation of at least two referees. The summaries and full texts of accepted papers are brought to the readers by Oku Okut Publications as open access. This book contains the abstracts presented at the Turkish Symposium of Social Sciences held on August 28, 2021.

Social Sciences. --- Turkey.

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Fondateur du Parti des travailleurs kurdes (PKK), Abdullah Öcalan est détenu par l'État turc sur l'île-prison d'Imrali depuis 1999. Entretenant des contacts avec de nombreux intellectuels dont Murray Bookchin (fondateur de l'écologie sociale), Öcalan n'a cessé de réfléchir à des modèles politiques alternatifs. Écrit comme un plaidoyer à l'intention de la Cour européenne des Droits de l'homme, le Manifeste pour une civilisation démocratique compte cinq volumes, dont la présente édition est la première en langue française. Ce second volume s'appuie sur les travaux de Fernand Braudel pour explorer l'histoire des civilisations et étudier l'avènement d'une modernité capitaliste, décrite comme une aberration basée sur un triptyque capitalisme, industrialisme, État-Nation.

Civilization --- Philosophy.

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The overtly secular state of Singapore has unapologetically maintained an authoritarian approach to governance in the realm of religion. Islam is particularly managed by the state. Muslim activists thus have to meticulously navigate these realities - in addition to being a minority community - in order to maximize their influence in the political system. Significantly, Muslim activists are not a monolith: there exists a multitude of political and theological differences amongst them. This study analyses the following categories of Muslim activists: Islamic religious scholars (ulama), liberal Muslims, and the more conservative-minded individuals. Due to constricting political realities, many activists attempt to align themselves with the state, and call upon the state to be an arbiter in their disagreements with other factions. Though there are activists who challenge the state, these are by far in the minority, and are typically unable to assert their influence in a sustained manner.

Islam --- Muslims