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Considered as one of the main factors in erosion of the biodiversity, land take describes the global reduction in the proportion of land allocated to farming and forestry or to natural spaces. This work identifies the decisive economic and social factors in land take and its impact on the environment and agriculture. It suggests levers of action likely to limit its development and its negative effects.

Conservation of the environment --- land take --- biodiversity

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Echtzeit im Film. Wie lässt sich der Trend zu filmischer Echtzeit analytisch fassen? Wie der Echtzeit-Begriff für eine filmwissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzung heuristisch nutzbar machen? Der Band widmet sich einem Phänomen, das in der jüngeren Filmgeschichte eine Konjunktur erlebt. Im Kern handelt es sich um eine Konvergenz zweier Zeitebenen, die etwa in der Erzähltheorie als Übereinstimmung zwischen der Zeit der Präsentation des Films auf der Leinwand und der in der Fiktion ablaufenden Zeitdauer gefasst wird. Im vorliegenden Band erfährt der Begriff eine breitere Klassifikation, wird in zentrale Konzepte überführt und hinsichtlich seiner Wirkungspotenziale geprüft sowie historisch, kulturell und gattungstheoretisch kontextualisiert. Bereitgestellt werden soll der Filmwissenschaft dadurch ›Echtzeit‹ als eine fundierte Analysekategorie.

authenticity --- Authentizität --- Zeitraffung --- Zeitdehnung --- zeitdeckend --- slow cinema --- simultaneity --- diegetic time --- diegetische Zeit --- durational art --- Erzählzeit --- lange Einstellung --- live transmission --- live-Übertragung --- long take --- material time --- Materialzeit --- Plansequenz --- real time --- screen duration --- simulation --- Simulation

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Echtzeit im Film. Wie lässt sich der Trend zu filmischer Echtzeit analytisch fassen? Wie der Echtzeit-Begriff für eine filmwissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzung heuristisch nutzbar machen? Der Band widmet sich einem Phänomen, das in der jüngeren Filmgeschichte eine Konjunktur erlebt. Im Kern handelt es sich um eine Konvergenz zweier Zeitebenen, die etwa in der Erzähltheorie als Übereinstimmung zwischen der Zeit der Präsentation des Films auf der Leinwand und der in der Fiktion ablaufenden Zeitdauer gefasst wird. Im vorliegenden Band erfährt der Begriff eine breitere Klassifikation, wird in zentrale Konzepte überführt und hinsichtlich seiner Wirkungspotenziale geprüft sowie historisch, kulturell und gattungstheoretisch kontextualisiert. Bereitgestellt werden soll der Filmwissenschaft dadurch ›Echtzeit‹ als eine fundierte Analysekategorie.

authenticity --- Authentizität --- Zeitraffung --- Zeitdehnung --- zeitdeckend --- slow cinema --- simultaneity --- diegetic time --- diegetische Zeit --- durational art --- Erzählzeit --- lange Einstellung --- live transmission --- live-Übertragung --- long take --- material time --- Materialzeit --- Plansequenz --- real time --- screen duration --- simulation --- Simulation

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This book summarizes the latest developments in the area of human factors test and evaluation methods for automated vehicles. Future vehicles will allow a transition of responsibility from the driver to the automated driving system and vice versa. Drivers will have the opportunity to use a wide variety of different driver assistance systems within the same vehicle. This coexistence of different automation levels creates new challenges in the design of the vehicle’s human–machine interface (HMI), which have to be accounted for by human factors experts, both in industrial design and in academia. This book brings together the latest developments, empirical evaluations and guidelines on various topics, such as the design and evaluation of interior as well as exterior HMIs for automated vehicles, and the assessment of the impact of automated vehicles on non-automated road users and driver state assessment (e.g., fatigue, motion sickness, fallback readiness) during automated driving.

History of engineering & technology --- virtual reality --- automated driving --- pedestrians --- decision making --- crossing --- eHMI --- eye-tracking --- attention distribution --- road safety --- driverless vehicles --- behavioural adaptation --- SAE L3 motorway chauffeur --- system usage --- acceptance --- attention --- secondary task --- highly automated driving --- HAD --- takeover --- conditional automation --- intelligent vehicles --- objective complexity --- subjective complexity --- familiarity --- cognitive assistance --- takeover quality --- standardized test procedure --- use cases --- test protocol --- Adaptive HMI --- automotive user interfaces --- driver behaviour --- automated vehicles --- automated driving systems --- HMI --- guidelines --- heuristic evaluation --- checklist --- expert evaluation --- human-machine interface --- mode awareness --- conditionally automated driving --- human–machine interface --- usability --- validity --- method development --- motion sickness --- methodology --- driving comfort --- multi-vehicle simulation --- mixed traffic --- measurement method --- SAE Level 2 --- SAE Level 3 --- human factors --- human machine interface --- controllability --- L3Pilot --- marking automated vehicles --- automated vehicles―human drivers interaction --- explicit communication --- external human-machine interface --- (automated) vehicle–pedestrian interaction --- implicit communication --- Wizard of Oz --- video --- setup comparison/method comparison --- partially automated driving --- non-driving related tasks --- take-over situations --- test protocol development --- user studies (simulator --- closed circuit) --- sleep --- sleep inertia --- HMI design --- external human–machine interface --- interface size --- legibility --- spatiotemporal displays --- sensory augmentation --- reliability display --- uncertainty encoding --- automotive hmi --- human-machine cooperation --- cooperative driver assistance --- state transparency display --- self-driving vehicles --- test methods --- evaluation --- user studies --- driver state --- discomfort --- psychophysiology --- heart-rate variability (HRV) --- skin conductance response (SCR) --- highly automated driving (HAD)

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This book summarizes the latest developments in the area of human factors test and evaluation methods for automated vehicles. Future vehicles will allow a transition of responsibility from the driver to the automated driving system and vice versa. Drivers will have the opportunity to use a wide variety of different driver assistance systems within the same vehicle. This coexistence of different automation levels creates new challenges in the design of the vehicle’s human–machine interface (HMI), which have to be accounted for by human factors experts, both in industrial design and in academia. This book brings together the latest developments, empirical evaluations and guidelines on various topics, such as the design and evaluation of interior as well as exterior HMIs for automated vehicles, and the assessment of the impact of automated vehicles on non-automated road users and driver state assessment (e.g., fatigue, motion sickness, fallback readiness) during automated driving.

virtual reality --- automated driving --- pedestrians --- decision making --- crossing --- eHMI --- eye-tracking --- attention distribution --- road safety --- driverless vehicles --- behavioural adaptation --- SAE L3 motorway chauffeur --- system usage --- acceptance --- attention --- secondary task --- highly automated driving --- HAD --- takeover --- conditional automation --- intelligent vehicles --- objective complexity --- subjective complexity --- familiarity --- cognitive assistance --- takeover quality --- standardized test procedure --- use cases --- test protocol --- Adaptive HMI --- automotive user interfaces --- driver behaviour --- automated vehicles --- automated driving systems --- HMI --- guidelines --- heuristic evaluation --- checklist --- expert evaluation --- human-machine interface --- mode awareness --- conditionally automated driving --- human–machine interface --- usability --- validity --- method development --- motion sickness --- methodology --- driving comfort --- multi-vehicle simulation --- mixed traffic --- measurement method --- SAE Level 2 --- SAE Level 3 --- human factors --- human machine interface --- controllability --- L3Pilot --- marking automated vehicles --- automated vehicles―human drivers interaction --- explicit communication --- external human-machine interface --- (automated) vehicle–pedestrian interaction --- implicit communication --- Wizard of Oz --- video --- setup comparison/method comparison --- partially automated driving --- non-driving related tasks --- take-over situations --- test protocol development --- user studies (simulator --- closed circuit) --- sleep --- sleep inertia --- HMI design --- external human–machine interface --- interface size --- legibility --- spatiotemporal displays --- sensory augmentation --- reliability display --- uncertainty encoding --- automotive hmi --- human-machine cooperation --- cooperative driver assistance --- state transparency display --- self-driving vehicles --- test methods --- evaluation --- user studies --- driver state --- discomfort --- psychophysiology --- heart-rate variability (HRV) --- skin conductance response (SCR) --- highly automated driving (HAD)