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Notariat --- Substitution (droit) --- Régimes matrimoniaux --- Immeubles --- Copropriété (logement) --- Successions et héritages --- Réforme --- Impôts --- Droit --- Réforme --- Impôts

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This paper presents estimates of time-varying income elasticities of demand for energy and metal commodities. The analysis finds that the elasticities are close to unity, evaluated at world median per capita income levels. Furthermore, the estimates confirm that as income rises, demand growth for industrial commodities slows and eventually plateaus. Indeed, estimates for aggregate metals and energy differ by an order of magnitude throughout the income spectrum: from a low of 0.2 for advanced economies to nearly 2 for low-income countries. The analysis, which accounts for substitutability by estimating group aggregates as well as individual commodities with cross-price effects, is based on a panel autoregressive distributed lag model covering 1965-2018, for up to 63 countries.

Commodities --- Commodity Consumption --- Commodity Intensity --- Economic Theory and Research --- Energy --- Energy Demand --- Income Elasticity --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Metal Demand --- Substitutability --- Substitution

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This paper documents the sources of the Republic of Korea's economic growth, as well as the associated productivity growth and efficiency dynamics during its process of structural transformation from 1970 to 2016. The analysis includes land as a separate production factor to sort out the significant effect of changes in intersectoral land allocation, which makes significant differences in measuring the magnitudes and directions of change in sectoral total factor productivity (TFP). Input-based growth and structural changes contributed to the early take-off stage of growth in the 1970s. However, in the following three decades, the source of growth switched to productivity improvements, mainly engineered by the industry sector. This was the reason behind the country's sustained growth and escape from the "middle-income trap." Furthermore, agricultural TFP growth also made an important contribution to structural transformation by pushing out factors from agriculture to industry. Since 2011, however, when the Korean economy seemed to reach a steady state of constant capital-output ratio, TFP has suddenly stagnated. The wedge analysis suggests that the intersectoral allocation of labor was biased toward agriculture while that of capital and land was biased toward industry, compared to efficient levels. Meanwhile, the inter-temporal wedge analysis suggests that the Korean economy was in an over-investment mode throughout its structural transformation. The analysis also shows that the periods of productivity growth are not always associated with the enhancement of allocative efficiency, while growth-disturbing external macroeconomic shocks, such as joining the WTO and the Asian financial crisis, led to improvements in allocative efficiency.

Allocative Efficiency --- Economic Growth --- Economic Theory and Research --- Labor Markets --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Marginal Rate of Substitution --- Productivity Growth --- Social Protections and Labor --- Structural Transformation --- Sustainable Development --- Total Factor Productivity --- Wedge Analysis

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Nitro chemistry plays an important role in organic synthesis to construct new frameworks. This is due to the diverse properties of the nitro group. The strong electron-withdrawing ability of the nitro group reduces the electron density of the scaffold, facilitating reactions with nucleophiles or electron transfer. In addition, the -hydrogen of the nitro group is highly acidic, giving a stable anion, which facilitates reactions with both electrophilic and nucleophilic reagents. In addition, the nitro group also serves as a good leaving group, which facilitates transformation to a wide variety of functional groups. Despite the substantial contributions of many researchers, nitro chemistry is still an exciting and challenging research area. This book brings together recent original research and review articles contributed by an international team of leading experts and pioneers in organic synthesis using nitro groups. It is sure to provide useful information and promising insights for researchers.

nitro --- pyridone --- 1-methyl-2-quinolone --- cycloaddition --- direct functionalization --- perylenediimide --- nitro group --- organic materials --- Phenacylation of beta-nitropyridin-2-ones --- 8-nitro-5-RO-indolizines --- oxazole-pyrrole ring transformation --- conjugate addition --- dihydrofuran --- 1,3-dicarbonyl compound --- enolate --- isoxazoline N-oxide --- nitroketone --- nitronate --- nucleophilic substitution --- nitropyridines --- isoxazolo[4,3-b]pyridines --- 1,4-dihydropyridines --- nucleophilic addition --- Diels-Alder reaction --- dearomatization --- hexapyrrolohexaazacoronene --- nitration --- SNAr substitution --- ICT character --- aromaticity --- C–H functionalization --- total synthesis --- pyrrolidines --- anchimeric assistance --- epimerization --- PDE4 inhibitors --- 1,3-Dipole --- electron-withdrawing ability --- electrophilicity --- nucleophilicity

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The recovery of solid wastes for the preparation of innovative composite materials not only represents an economic advantage, but also offers an ecological opportunity for the utilization of by-products which would otherwise be landfilled. Specifically, the reuse and recycling of waste lead to important savings of raw materials and energy, since these by-products, generally deriv from agricultural or industrial activities, are abundant in nature. Moreover, a reduction of the environmental and related sanitary impacts can be also achieved. For this reason, a recycling operation is fundamental for the improvement of the environmental sustainability, because these secondary raw materials become a resource that can be easily reused without the modification of the peculiar characteristics, in order to obtain new and performing composites, with a low specific weight, high durability, and long life cycle.

History of engineering & technology --- Radioactive soil waste --- Gd2Ti2O7 pyrochlore --- SHS --- CeO2 --- Immobilization --- cementitious grout --- green grout --- cement --- slag substitution --- valorization --- circular economy --- cellulose aerogel --- oil absorbent --- cellulose --- white bamboo fibril --- water pollution --- natural rubber --- nanosilica --- mechanical property --- fertilizer plant --- hexafluorosilicic acid --- waste water --- cement composites --- recycled waste porous glass --- end-of-life tyre rubber --- safe production --- thermal insulation --- mechanical resistance --- render --- cement and cement-lime reinforced mortars --- natural fiber --- sheep's wool --- sustainability --- chitosan film --- emerging pollutants --- ketoprofen --- food waste --- adsorption --- recycle --- recycled expanded polystyrene --- cement mortars --- eggshell --- Direct Blue 78 --- kinetics --- isotherms --- pulsed light --- fiber reinforced --- cementless composites --- microscopic property --- co-fired fly ash --- green materials --- biochar --- wheat straw --- sorbent --- cobalt --- copper --- soil --- Radioactive soil waste --- Gd2Ti2O7 pyrochlore --- SHS --- CeO2 --- Immobilization --- cementitious grout --- green grout --- cement --- slag substitution --- valorization --- circular economy --- cellulose aerogel --- oil absorbent --- cellulose --- white bamboo fibril --- water pollution --- natural rubber --- nanosilica --- mechanical property --- fertilizer plant --- hexafluorosilicic acid --- waste water --- cement composites --- recycled waste porous glass --- end-of-life tyre rubber --- safe production --- thermal insulation --- mechanical resistance --- render --- cement and cement-lime reinforced mortars --- natural fiber --- sheep's wool --- sustainability --- chitosan film --- emerging pollutants --- ketoprofen --- food waste --- adsorption --- recycle --- recycled expanded polystyrene --- cement mortars --- eggshell --- Direct Blue 78 --- kinetics --- isotherms --- pulsed light --- fiber reinforced --- cementless composites --- microscopic property --- co-fired fly ash --- green materials --- biochar --- wheat straw --- sorbent --- cobalt --- copper --- soil