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The OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) Project laid the foundations of the project to address the tax challenges arising from the digitalisation of the economy with the release of the BEPS Action 1 Report. Since then, the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS has been working on the issue, delivering an interim report in March 2018, at the request of the G20. In May 2019, the Inclusive Framework adopted a Programme of Work, which was endorsed by the G20 Finance Ministers and G20 Leaders in June 2019. The Programme of Work outlined proposals in two pillars that could form the basis for a multilateral consensus-based solution. It also provided that the OECD Secretariat would undertake an economic impact assessment of the proposals to ensure that all members of the Inclusive Framework could be kept fully informed of the economic and tax revenue impact of key decisions relating to the proposals. This report presents an ex ante analysis of the economic and tax revenue implications of the Pillar One and Pillar Two proposals under discussion by the Inclusive Framework as part of its work to address the tax challenges arising from the digitalisation of the economy.

Taxation --- Law and legislation. --- OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project.

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This book presents the first empirically tested, comprehensive study on shifting cultivation in Mizoram. Shifting cultivation is a unique and centuries-old practice carried out by the people of Mizoram in Northeast India. Today, it is a non-economic activity as it does not produce sufficient crops, and as a result, the area under shifting cultivation is decreasing. Such cultivation leads to the burning and degradation of vast areas of forestland and therefore has adverse impacts on the floral and faunal resources. This book is a valuable resource for government workers, policymakers, academics, farmers and those who are directly or indirectly associated with practical farming, or with framing and implementing policies. It is equally important to master’s and Ph.D. students of geography, resource management, development, and environmental studies who are involved in research and development.

Shifting cultivation --- Bush fallow cultivation --- Cultivation, Shifting --- Forest fallow cultivation --- Shifting agriculture --- Slash and burn cultivation --- Swidden farming --- Agriculture --- Burning of land --- Clearing of land --- Cropping systems --- Fallowing --- Tillage --- Economic geography. --- Environmental geography. --- Economic development. --- Economic Geography. --- Environmental Geography. --- Regional Development. --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Economic policy --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Geography --- Geography, Economic --- World economics --- Commercial geography

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Symmetry and complexity are studied by a selection of outstanding papers ranging from pure Mathematics and Physics to Computer Science and Engineering applications. In this Special Issue, the authors give a short but intensive description of the many applications of the basic structure of symmetry and complexity in many fields. Some interesting results were given in the Hydrodynamic Analysis of 3-D Hydrofoil and Marine Propeller and in the SAT Problems. The Study on Hypergraph Representations of Complex Fuzzy Information shows the importance of methods based on symmetry and complexity. A deep study of Information Technology Services in Public Organizations has been given in this issue, together with some interesting papers dealing with Adaptive Block Truncation Coding Based on an Edge-Based Quantization, SIR Model in a Patchy Environment, and the Evolution of Conformity Dynamics in Complex Social Networks. Another interesting paper provides some new insights into the Novel Computational Technique for Impulsive Fractional Differential Equations. In this collection, An Intelligent Approach for Handling Complexity by Migrating from Conventional Databases to Big Data shows the importance of such topics related to complexity.

big data --- complexity --- NoSQL databases --- Oracle NoSQL --- data migration --- B-spline scheme --- dihedral hydrofoil --- hydrodynamics --- marine propeller --- propeller wake --- sweptback hydrofoil --- surface panel method --- fractional derivative --- Adomian method --- computational technique --- conformity --- evolutionary dynamics --- ring network --- small-world network --- scale-free network --- epidemic model --- irreducible matrix --- Metzler matrix --- disease transition and transmission matrices --- decentralized control --- disease-free and endemic equilibrium points --- Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse --- next generation matrix --- patchy environment --- vaccination controls --- numerical inverse Laplace transform --- orthonormalized Bernstein polynomials --- operational matrices --- fractional differential equations --- BTC --- edge-based quantization --- reversible data hiding --- histogram shifting technique --- directional hölder regularity --- anisotropic hölder regularity --- directional scaling function --- anisotropic scaling function --- directional multifractal formalism --- wavelet bases --- sierpinski cascade functions --- fractional brownian sheets --- nonlinear equations --- multiple roots --- higher order methods --- attraction basins --- service identification --- IT service --- IT services catalog --- IT services portfolio --- multiobjective --- symmetric duality --- second-order --- nondifferentiable --- fractional programming --- support function --- Gf-bonvexity/Gf-pseudobonvexity --- complex q-rung orthopair fuzzy set --- complex q-rung orthopair fuzzy graphs --- complex q-rung orthopair fuzzy hypergraphs --- transversals --- SAT problem --- membrane computing --- P system --- splitting rule

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Radar-related technology is mainly processed within the time and frequency domains but, at the same time, is a multi-dimensional integrated system including a spatial domain for transmitting and receiving electromagnetic waves. As a result of the enormous technological advancements of the pioneers actively discussed in this book, research and development in multi-dimensional undeveloped areas is expected to continue. This book contains state-of-the-art work that should guide your research.

History of engineering & technology --- inverse synthetic aperture ladar (ISAL) --- maneuvering target --- integral cubic phase function (ICPF) --- fractional Fourier transform (FRFT) --- non-uniform fast Fourier transform (NUFFT) --- CLEAN technique --- simultaneous polarimetric radar --- constant modulus sequences --- correlation properties --- doppler tolerance --- saliency preprocessing LLC --- saliency detection --- image processing --- scene classification --- antenna array --- automatic guided vehicle --- DoA/DoD estimation --- MIMO radar --- direct position determination --- Doppler --- Doppler rate --- maximum likelihood estimator --- coherent pulse trains --- single moving sensor --- Cramer–Rao lower bound --- bistatic MIMO radar --- DOD/DOA estimation --- mutual coupling --- off-grid sparse problem --- unmanned aerial vehicle --- clustering methods --- man-made targets --- synthetic aperture radar (SAR) --- inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) --- polarimetric decomposition --- Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) --- microwave imaging --- constitutive parameters --- conductivity --- permittivity --- tomography --- RF MEMS --- switch --- analytical approach --- low control voltage --- high switching speed --- high reliability --- radar echo cancellation --- frequency shifting modulation --- interrupted sampling --- radar jamming --- deception jamming --- remote sensing --- SAR --- radon transform --- speckle noise filtering --- maritime traffic monitoring --- wake detection and analysis --- synthetic aperture radar --- differential SAR tomography --- squinted SAR --- 3-D deformation --- 2-D PPS --- maneuvering target detection --- coherent integration --- motion parameter estimation --- second-order phase difference (SoPD) --- time-frequency analysis --- image fusion --- sparse representation --- hyperbolic tangent function --- guided filter --- narrowband interference separation --- block sparse Bayesian learning --- sensing matrix optimization --- block coherence measure --- bistatic inverse synthetic aperture radar --- linear geometry distortion --- prior information --- least square error --- lunar penetrating radar --- local correlation --- SNR --- K-L transform --- seislet transform --- generative adversarial nets --- through-wall radar imaging --- multipath ghost suppression --- generator and discriminator --- ultrahigh resolution --- spaceborne --- curved orbit --- series reversion --- singular value decomposition (SVD) --- deramping-based approach --- crosshole ground penetrating radar (GPR) --- Bayesian inversion --- Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) --- forward model --- modeling error --- discrete cosine transform (DCT) --- through-wall imaging --- contrast target detection --- clutter reduction --- entropy thresholding --- low-rank approximation --- S-transformation --- ISAR --- micro-Doppler --- synchrosqueezing --- PBR (passive bistatic radar) --- clutter suppression --- non-uniform grid --- dilation morphology --- passive bistatic radar --- phased array radar --- parameter estimation --- aircraft surveillance --- GPR --- seasonal permafrost --- electromagnetic wave attribute --- relative water content --- marine radar --- wind direction retrieval --- small wind streak --- local gradient method --- adaptive reduced method --- energy spectrum method --- metamaterial absorber --- double negative --- dual-band --- FMCW radio altimeter --- methodological error --- critical height --- altitude measurement accuracy --- height pulses --- ultra-wide frequency deviation --- sparse recovery --- wideband noise interference --- dechirping --- subspace extraction --- denoising detection --- orthogonal matching pursuit --- pulse radar --- rotating target --- micro-motion feature extraction --- interrupted transmitting and receiving (ITR) --- dual-polarized radar --- DOA estimation --- atomic norm --- comprehensive SAR --- multiparametric SAR observation --- discrete scatterer model --- n/a --- Cramer-Rao lower bound

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Radar-related technology is mainly processed within the time and frequency domains but, at the same time, is a multi-dimensional integrated system including a spatial domain for transmitting and receiving electromagnetic waves. As a result of the enormous technological advancements of the pioneers actively discussed in this book, research and development in multi-dimensional undeveloped areas is expected to continue. This book contains state-of-the-art work that should guide your research.

History of engineering & technology --- inverse synthetic aperture ladar (ISAL) --- maneuvering target --- integral cubic phase function (ICPF) --- fractional Fourier transform (FRFT) --- non-uniform fast Fourier transform (NUFFT) --- CLEAN technique --- simultaneous polarimetric radar --- constant modulus sequences --- correlation properties --- doppler tolerance --- saliency preprocessing LLC --- saliency detection --- image processing --- scene classification --- antenna array --- automatic guided vehicle --- DoA/DoD estimation --- MIMO radar --- direct position determination --- Doppler --- Doppler rate --- maximum likelihood estimator --- coherent pulse trains --- single moving sensor --- Cramer-Rao lower bound --- bistatic MIMO radar --- DOD/DOA estimation --- mutual coupling --- off-grid sparse problem --- unmanned aerial vehicle --- clustering methods --- man-made targets --- synthetic aperture radar (SAR) --- inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) --- polarimetric decomposition --- Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) --- microwave imaging --- constitutive parameters --- conductivity --- permittivity --- tomography --- RF MEMS --- switch --- analytical approach --- low control voltage --- high switching speed --- high reliability --- radar echo cancellation --- frequency shifting modulation --- interrupted sampling --- radar jamming --- deception jamming --- remote sensing --- SAR --- radon transform --- speckle noise filtering --- maritime traffic monitoring --- wake detection and analysis --- synthetic aperture radar --- differential SAR tomography --- squinted SAR --- 3-D deformation --- 2-D PPS --- maneuvering target detection --- coherent integration --- motion parameter estimation --- second-order phase difference (SoPD) --- time-frequency analysis --- image fusion --- sparse representation --- hyperbolic tangent function --- guided filter --- narrowband interference separation --- block sparse Bayesian learning --- sensing matrix optimization --- block coherence measure --- bistatic inverse synthetic aperture radar --- linear geometry distortion --- prior information --- least square error --- lunar penetrating radar --- local correlation --- SNR --- K-L transform --- seislet transform --- generative adversarial nets --- through-wall radar imaging --- multipath ghost suppression --- generator and discriminator --- ultrahigh resolution --- spaceborne --- curved orbit --- series reversion --- singular value decomposition (SVD) --- deramping-based approach --- crosshole ground penetrating radar (GPR) --- Bayesian inversion --- Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) --- forward model --- modeling error --- discrete cosine transform (DCT) --- through-wall imaging --- contrast target detection --- clutter reduction --- entropy thresholding --- low-rank approximation --- S-transformation --- ISAR --- micro-Doppler --- synchrosqueezing --- PBR (passive bistatic radar) --- clutter suppression --- non-uniform grid --- dilation morphology --- passive bistatic radar --- phased array radar --- parameter estimation --- aircraft surveillance --- GPR --- seasonal permafrost --- electromagnetic wave attribute --- relative water content --- marine radar --- wind direction retrieval --- small wind streak --- local gradient method --- adaptive reduced method --- energy spectrum method --- metamaterial absorber --- double negative --- dual-band --- FMCW radio altimeter --- methodological error --- critical height --- altitude measurement accuracy --- height pulses --- ultra-wide frequency deviation --- sparse recovery --- wideband noise interference --- dechirping --- subspace extraction --- denoising detection --- orthogonal matching pursuit --- pulse radar --- rotating target --- micro-motion feature extraction --- interrupted transmitting and receiving (ITR) --- dual-polarized radar --- DOA estimation --- atomic norm --- comprehensive SAR --- multiparametric SAR observation --- discrete scatterer model