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Sewage disposal --- Rural --- Sewerage

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Sewage disposal --- Rural --- Sewerage

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Sewerage --- Water quality biological assessment --- Stream ecology --- Aquatic ecology --- Aquatic organisms

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Hanoi has grown rapidly into a modern, vibrant city. However, the development of infrastructure and services has lagged behind the growth of the population. In particular, two significant water-related problems have arisen. Water pollution has become a major issue, creating a huge environmental and public health hazard, impairing the liveability of the city, deterring investors, and compromising downstream agriculture and the ecological integrity of the river system. Flooding is also becoming a major problem in many districts, occurring whenever there is a cloudburst. The city's master plan addresses these two challenges of pollution and flooding but implementation has not kept pace with the growth of the problems. To support an effective implementation of the master Plan, the World Bank supported Hanoi City to study the problem of pollution in selected hotspots with a focus on the four main rivers running through the city and the problem of urban flooding in two key districts. This policy note draws on the findings and recommendations of the World Bank-financed technical assistance to the city. This study is also in line with the World Bank's ongoing collaboration with the government of Vietnam to help develop strategies and to identify the fundamental shifts needed to achieve national water security.

Drainage --- Flood Control --- Sanitation and Sewerage --- Urban Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Pollution --- Water Resources --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Treatment and Quality

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The study described in this policy brief quantified the impacts of water shocks (too much, too little and too dirty) on economic outcomes in Colombia, using combined hydrological and econometric modeling, and offers recommendations for putting the country on the path to water security (see policy matrix at the end of this document for details of recommendations). The study applied partial equilibrium models at the micro-economic level to estimate how different water shocks (and intensities) affect certain aspects of the Colombian economy, such as human capital, agricultural production, effects of flooding, and forced displacements and labor. Those parameters were then integrated into a general equilibrium model so that the overall impacts were not only aggregated with a single analytical model framework but also received the same treatment against sensitivity of shocks and weights. The impacts included changes in agricultural production, effects of floods on asset values and well-being, changes in labor supply, and costs of building water and sanitation infrastructure to avoid the burden of disease.

Climate Change and Environment --- Environment --- Hydropower --- Sanitation and Sewerage --- Water Resources --- Water Resources Management --- Water Security --- Water Supply --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Supply and Sanitation Economics --- Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions