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n the last years, our knowledge of human NK cell biology has increased significantly. Several stimulating studies have provided the basis for understanding how NK cells can be “educated” to acquire immunological competence following maturation, or to adapt their function to the environmental changes of “self”. New information has been acquired on their lifespan and on the persistence of memory-like NK cell subsets in response to certain viral infections. In addition, the identification and characterization of new markers and the development of more effective analytic approaches have led to the definition of various phenotypically and/or functionally-defined cell subsets. These advances have, in turn, enabled us to study NK cells beyond the peripheral blood, in different tissue compartments including the bone marrow, liver, lungs, skin, intestine and uterus. Recent data indicates that at least part of the tissue NK cell compartment consists of resident cells (which rarely recirculate) characterized by tissue-specific phenotypes and, in some cases, endowed with specialized functions related to the distinct organs in which they reside. These findings stimulate further questions (i) on the origins of these putative tissue-specific NK cell subsets; (ii) on their functional interplay with the local microenvironment; (iii) on their immunological competence and memory capacity and (iv) on their possible specific functional role in healthy and diseased tissues. In this context, the assessment of phenotype, function, maturation, education, differentiation and reprogramming of effector functions in tissue NK cells represents a new stimulating field of investigation that would help to get a more comprehensive picture of NK cell biology. In this Research Topic, we collect articles that highlight the recent advances in our understanding of tissue NK cells and that provide insight into opening new viewpoints on the role of NK cells in both health and disease.

conventional NK cells --- tissue resident NK cells --- innate lymphoid cells --- tissue microenvironment --- NK receptors

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Although it is usually assumed that only the federal government can confer citizenship, localities often give residents who are noncitizens at the federal level the benefits of local citizenship: access to medical care, education, housing, security, labor and consumer markets, and even voting rights. In this work, Kenneth A. Stahl demonstrates that while the existence of these 'noncitizen citizens' has helped to reconcile competing commitments within liberal democracy to equality and community, the advance of globalization and the rise of nationalist political leaders like Donald Trump has caused local and federal citizenship to clash. For nationalists, localities' flexible approach to citizenship is a Trojan horse undermining state sovereignty from within, while liberals see local citizenship as the antidote to a reactionary ethnic nationalism. This book should be read by anyone who wants to understand why citizenship has become one of the most important issues in national politics today.

Citizenship --- Aliens --- Local government --- Federal government --- States' rights (American politics) --- Enemy aliens --- Expatriates --- Foreign citizens (Aliens) --- Foreign population --- Foreign residents --- Foreigners --- Noncitizens --- Resident aliens --- Unnaturalized foreign residents --- Persons --- Deportees --- Exiles --- Immigrants --- Refugees --- Civil rights --- Political activity --- Law and legislation --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Illegal aliens --- Illegal immigrants --- Non-citizens --- Unauthorized immigrants --- Undocumented aliens --- Undocumented immigrants

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The influenza virus poses a threat to human health and is responsible for global epidemics every year. In addition to seasonal infections, influenza can cause occasional pandemics of great consequence when novel viruses are introduced into humans. Despite the implementation of comprehensive vaccination programs, influenza viruses continue to pose an important and unpredictable global public health threat. They are one of the most significant causes of morbidity and mortality each year and have a significant economic impact. In recent years, research has been conducted to find alternative approaches to influenza vaccine development, including the generation of universal vaccines. Notably, significant progress in the field of influenza infection, transmission, and immunity have contributed to our understanding of influenza biology, and to expanding the technological approaches for the generation of more efficient strategies against influenza infections. Moreover, highly remarkable developments have been made in the implementation of new methodologies to evaluate the efficiency of vaccines and improve them for use on domestic animals such as poultry, horses, dogs or pigs. This enables us to decrease the exposure of humans to potentially pandemic viruses. The articles in this Special Issue will address the importance of influenza to human health and the advances in influenza research that have led to the development of better therapeutics and vaccination strategies.

heterosubtypic immunity of influenza --- master donor virus --- imprinting --- hemagglutinin --- universal vaccines --- pandemic --- adaptive immunity --- pregnant women --- innate immunity --- antibodies --- Influenza vaccine --- ARDS --- influenza A virus --- humoral response --- influenza vaccine --- original antigenic sin “OAS” --- germinal centers --- immunogenicity --- lung --- epitopes --- Influenza virus --- single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) --- influenza virus --- protein microarray assay --- “universal” influenza vaccine --- vaccination --- influenza --- multiple dimensional assay (MDA) --- infection --- tissue resident --- memory --- vaccines --- CD4 T cell --- broad neutralizing antibody(bnAb) --- hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza virus --- original antigenic sin --- immune response --- morbidity --- T cell --- mPLEX-Flu assay --- Influenza A virus (IAV) --- virus–host interaction --- hemagglutin stalk --- memory B cells --- vaccine safety --- protection efficacy --- live attenuated influenza vaccine --- pediatrics --- vaccination rate

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It is a fundamental term of the social contract that people trade allegiance for protection. In the nineteenth century, as millions of people made their way around the world, they entangled the world in web of allegiance that had enormous political consequences. Nationality was increasingly difficult to define. Just who was a national in a world where millions lived well beyond the borders of their sovereign state? As the nineteenth century gave way to the twentieth, jurists and policymakers began to think of ways to cut the web of obligation that had enabled world politics. They proposed to modernize international law to include subjects other than the state. Many of these experiments failed. But, by the mid-twentieth century, an international legal system predicated upon absolute universality and operated by intergovernmental organizations came to the fore. Under this system, individuals gradually became subjects of international law outside of their personal citizenship, culminating with the establishment of international courts of human rights after the Second World War.

International law. --- Citizenship. --- Diplomatic protection. --- Aliens. --- Persons (International law) --- Juristic persons (International law) --- International law --- Aliens --- Enemy aliens --- Expatriates --- Foreign citizens (Aliens) --- Foreign population --- Foreign residents --- Foreigners --- Noncitizens --- Resident aliens --- Unnaturalized foreign residents --- Persons --- Deportees --- Exiles --- Immigrants --- Refugees --- Diplomatic protection --- Protection of citizens abroad --- Diplomatic and consular service --- International relations --- Birthright citizenship --- Citizenship --- Citizenship (International law) --- National citizenship --- Nationality (Citizenship) --- Political science --- Public law --- Allegiance --- Civics --- Domicile --- Political rights --- Law of nations --- Nations, Law of --- Public international law --- Law --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Law and legislation --- Illegal aliens --- Illegal immigrants --- Non-citizens --- Unauthorized immigrants --- Undocumented aliens --- Undocumented immigrants --- Noncitizens.

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This third and last open access volume in the series takes the perspective of non-EU countries on immigrant social protection. By focusing on 12 of the largest sending countries to the EU, the book tackles the issue of the multiple areas of sending state intervention towards migrant populations. Two “mirroring” chapters are dedicated to each of the 12 non-EU states analysed (Argentina, China, Ecuador, India, Lebanon, Morocco, Russia, Senegal, Serbia, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey). One chapter focuses on access to social benefits across five core policy areas (health care, unemployment, old-age pensions, family benefits, guaranteed minimum resources) by discussing the social protection policies that non-EU countries offer to national residents, non-national residents, and non-resident nationals. The second chapter examines the role of key actors (consulates, diaspora institutions and home country ministries and agencies) through which non-EU sending countries respond to the needs of nationals abroad. The volume additionally includes two chapters focusing on the peculiar case of the United Kingdom after the Brexit referendum. Overall, this volume contributes to ongoing debates on migration and the welfare state in Europe by showing how non-EU sending states continue to play a role in third country nationals’ ability to deal with social risks. As such this book is a valuable read to researchers, policy makers, government employees and NGO’s.

E-books --- Social sciences. --- Microeconomics. --- Social policy. --- Social Sciences, general. --- Social Policy. --- National planning --- State planning --- Economic policy --- Family policy --- Social history --- Price theory --- Economics --- Behavioral sciences --- Human sciences --- Sciences, Social --- Social science --- Social studies --- Civilization --- Public welfare --- Immigrants --- #SBIB:39A6 --- #SBIB:316.8H16 --- #SBIB:316.8H40 --- #SBIB:35H437 --- Emigrants --- Foreign-born population --- Foreign population --- Foreigners --- Migrants --- Persons --- Services for --- Etniciteit / Migratiebeleid en -problemen --- Welzijns- en sociale problemen: migranten, rassenrelaties --- Sociaal beleid: social policy, sociale zekerheid, verzorgingsstaat --- Beleidssectoren: sociale zekerheid --- Social Sciences, general --- Microeconomics --- Social Policy --- Sociology of Migration --- Open access --- Ethnic diversity --- Access of migrants and their offspring to welfare --- Social protection policies --- EU Member States --- Resident nationals --- Non-resident nationals --- Non-national residents --- Inequalities of access to welfare --- Social benefits --- Health care --- Unemployment --- Family benefits --- Pensions --- Guaranteed minimum resources --- Society & Social Sciences --- Sociology --- Political economy --- Social & ethical issues --- Non-EU countries --- Immigrant social protection --- Migrant populations --- Argentina, China, Ecuador, India --- Lebanon, Morocco, Russia --- Senegal, Serbia, Switzerland --- Tunisia, Turkey --- Old-age pensions --- Migration and integration --- Sending states