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Book
Dall'empiriocriticismo al positivismo relativistico : Joseph Petzoldt tra l’eredità di Mach e Avenarius e il confronto con la relatività einsteiniana
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Year: 2020 Publisher: FedOA - Federico II University Press

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Abstract

Joseph Petzoldt was Ernst Mach’s and Richard Avenarius’ main pupil, as well as the primary source for the habit to reunite these two thinkers under the label of “empiriocriticists”. Petzoldt developed Mach’s and Avenarius’ ideas in a philosophical system aiming at overcoming the dualism and agnosticism of the Kantian approach that was typical of German scientific circles in the late 1800s. Petzoldt’s thought is based on three pillars: his radical empiricism, according to which sensory experience is not appearance but reality; the Eindeutigkeit principle, which states that all that happens is univocally determined and thus necessary; the principle of the tendency to stability, which governs the evolution of the universe, including the living organisms and the brain. On these bases, Petzoldt arrives at his “relativistic positivism”, according to which every individual experiences reality from his point of view, but – since knowledge processes are determined by the functioning of the brain – this does not preclude an objective knowledge of the world. Petzoldt was also one of the leading figures of the debate on the philosophical interpretation of Einstein’s relativity. He believed that relativity was a consequence and a confirmation of E. Mach gnoseological approach and thus of relativistic positivism. Joseph Petzoldt fu il principale allievo di Ernst Mach e Richard Avenarius, nonché la fonte primaria della consuetudine di far convergere questi due pensatori entro l’etichetta di “empiriocriticisti”. Petzoldt sviluppò le idee di Mach e Avenarius in un sistema di pensiero volto a superare il dualismo e l’agnosticismo insiti nel kantismo degli ambienti scientifici tedeschi di fine Ottocento. Il pensiero di Petzoldt si regge su tre pilastri: l’empirismo radicale, secondo cui l’esperienza sensibile non è apparenza ma realtà; il principio di Eindeutigkeit, secondo cui tutto ciò che accade è univocamente determinato, e dunque necessario; e il principio di tendenza alla stabilità, che governa l’evoluzione del cosmo, inclusi gli organismi e il cervello. Petzoldt approda così al suo “positivismo relativistico”, in base al quale ogni individuo esperisce la realtà dal proprio punto di vista, ma poiché i processi conoscitivi sono determinati necessariamente dal funzionamento del cervello, ciò non impedisce una conoscenza oggettiva del mondo. Petzoldt fu inoltre uno dei protagonisti del dibattito sull’interpretazione filosofica della relatività di Einstein, sostenendo che essa fosse una conseguenza e una conferma dell’impostazione gnoseologica di Ernst Mach e, dunque, del positivismo relativistico


Book
Dall'empiriocriticismo al positivismo relativistico : Joseph Petzoldt tra l’eredità di Mach e Avenarius e il confronto con la relatività einsteiniana
Author:
Year: 2020 Publisher: FedOA - Federico II University Press

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Abstract

Joseph Petzoldt was Ernst Mach’s and Richard Avenarius’ main pupil, as well as the primary source for the habit to reunite these two thinkers under the label of “empiriocriticists”. Petzoldt developed Mach’s and Avenarius’ ideas in a philosophical system aiming at overcoming the dualism and agnosticism of the Kantian approach that was typical of German scientific circles in the late 1800s. Petzoldt’s thought is based on three pillars: his radical empiricism, according to which sensory experience is not appearance but reality; the Eindeutigkeit principle, which states that all that happens is univocally determined and thus necessary; the principle of the tendency to stability, which governs the evolution of the universe, including the living organisms and the brain. On these bases, Petzoldt arrives at his “relativistic positivism”, according to which every individual experiences reality from his point of view, but – since knowledge processes are determined by the functioning of the brain – this does not preclude an objective knowledge of the world. Petzoldt was also one of the leading figures of the debate on the philosophical interpretation of Einstein’s relativity. He believed that relativity was a consequence and a confirmation of E. Mach gnoseological approach and thus of relativistic positivism. Joseph Petzoldt fu il principale allievo di Ernst Mach e Richard Avenarius, nonché la fonte primaria della consuetudine di far convergere questi due pensatori entro l’etichetta di “empiriocriticisti”. Petzoldt sviluppò le idee di Mach e Avenarius in un sistema di pensiero volto a superare il dualismo e l’agnosticismo insiti nel kantismo degli ambienti scientifici tedeschi di fine Ottocento. Il pensiero di Petzoldt si regge su tre pilastri: l’empirismo radicale, secondo cui l’esperienza sensibile non è apparenza ma realtà; il principio di Eindeutigkeit, secondo cui tutto ciò che accade è univocamente determinato, e dunque necessario; e il principio di tendenza alla stabilità, che governa l’evoluzione del cosmo, inclusi gli organismi e il cervello. Petzoldt approda così al suo “positivismo relativistico”, in base al quale ogni individuo esperisce la realtà dal proprio punto di vista, ma poiché i processi conoscitivi sono determinati necessariamente dal funzionamento del cervello, ciò non impedisce una conoscenza oggettiva del mondo. Petzoldt fu inoltre uno dei protagonisti del dibattito sull’interpretazione filosofica della relatività di Einstein, sostenendo che essa fosse una conseguenza e una conferma dell’impostazione gnoseologica di Ernst Mach e, dunque, del positivismo relativistico


Book
Dall'empiriocriticismo al positivismo relativistico : Joseph Petzoldt tra l’eredità di Mach e Avenarius e il confronto con la relatività einsteiniana
Author:
Year: 2020 Publisher: FedOA - Federico II University Press

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Export citation

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Bookmark

Abstract

Joseph Petzoldt was Ernst Mach’s and Richard Avenarius’ main pupil, as well as the primary source for the habit to reunite these two thinkers under the label of “empiriocriticists”. Petzoldt developed Mach’s and Avenarius’ ideas in a philosophical system aiming at overcoming the dualism and agnosticism of the Kantian approach that was typical of German scientific circles in the late 1800s. Petzoldt’s thought is based on three pillars: his radical empiricism, according to which sensory experience is not appearance but reality; the Eindeutigkeit principle, which states that all that happens is univocally determined and thus necessary; the principle of the tendency to stability, which governs the evolution of the universe, including the living organisms and the brain. On these bases, Petzoldt arrives at his “relativistic positivism”, according to which every individual experiences reality from his point of view, but – since knowledge processes are determined by the functioning of the brain – this does not preclude an objective knowledge of the world. Petzoldt was also one of the leading figures of the debate on the philosophical interpretation of Einstein’s relativity. He believed that relativity was a consequence and a confirmation of E. Mach gnoseological approach and thus of relativistic positivism. Joseph Petzoldt fu il principale allievo di Ernst Mach e Richard Avenarius, nonché la fonte primaria della consuetudine di far convergere questi due pensatori entro l’etichetta di “empiriocriticisti”. Petzoldt sviluppò le idee di Mach e Avenarius in un sistema di pensiero volto a superare il dualismo e l’agnosticismo insiti nel kantismo degli ambienti scientifici tedeschi di fine Ottocento. Il pensiero di Petzoldt si regge su tre pilastri: l’empirismo radicale, secondo cui l’esperienza sensibile non è apparenza ma realtà; il principio di Eindeutigkeit, secondo cui tutto ciò che accade è univocamente determinato, e dunque necessario; e il principio di tendenza alla stabilità, che governa l’evoluzione del cosmo, inclusi gli organismi e il cervello. Petzoldt approda così al suo “positivismo relativistico”, in base al quale ogni individuo esperisce la realtà dal proprio punto di vista, ma poiché i processi conoscitivi sono determinati necessariamente dal funzionamento del cervello, ciò non impedisce una conoscenza oggettiva del mondo. Petzoldt fu inoltre uno dei protagonisti del dibattito sull’interpretazione filosofica della relatività di Einstein, sostenendo che essa fosse una conseguenza e una conferma dell’impostazione gnoseologica di Ernst Mach e, dunque, del positivismo relativistico


Book
Knowledge from a Human Point of View
Authors: --- ---
ISBN: 3030270416 3030270408 Year: 2020 Publisher: Springer Nature

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Abstract

This open access book – as the title suggests – explores some of the historical roots and epistemological ramifications of perspectivism. Perspectivism has recently emerged in philosophy of science as an interesting new position in the debate between scientific realism and anti-realism. But there is a lot more to perspectivism than discussions in philosophy of science so far have suggested. Perspectivism is a much broader view that emphasizes how our knowledge (in particular our scientific knowledge of nature) is situated; it is always from a human vantage point (as opposed to some Nagelian "view from nowhere"). This edited collection brings together a diverse team of established and early career scholars across a variety of fields (from the history of philosophy to epistemology and philosophy of science). The resulting nine essays trace some of the seminal ideas of perspectivism back to Kant, Nietzsche, the American Pragmatists, and Putnam, while the second part of the book tackles issues concerning the relation between perspectivism, relativism, and standpoint theories, and the implications of perspectivism for epistemological debates about veritism, epistemic normativity and the foundations of human knowledge.

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