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Near infrared spectroscopy. --- Cerebral circulation --- Regulation.

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Jöbsis was the first to describe the in vivo application of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), also called diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS). NIRS was originally designed for the clinical monitoring of tissue oxygenation, and today it has also become a useful tool for neuroimaging studies (functional near-infrared spectroscopy, fNIRS). However, difficulties in the selective and quantitative measurements of tissue hemoglobin (Hb), which have been central in the NIRS field for over 40 years, remain to be solved. To overcome these problems, time-domain (TD) and frequency-domain (FD) measurements have been tried. Presently, a wide range of NIRS instruments are available, including commonly available commercial instruments for continuous wave (CW) measurements, based on the modified Beer–Lambert law (steady-state domain measurements). Among these measurements, the TD measurement is the most promising approach, although compared with CW and FD measurements, TD measurements are less common, due to the need for large and expensive instruments with poor temporal resolution and limited dynamic range. However, thanks to technological developments, TD measurements are increasingly being used in research, and also in various clinical settings. This Special Issue highlights issues at the cutting edge of TD DOS and diffuse optical tomography (DOT). It covers all aspects related to TD measurements, including advances in hardware, methodology, the theory of light propagation, and clinical applications.

breast cancer --- diffuse optical spectroscopy --- chemotherapy --- time-domain spectroscopy --- near-infrared spectroscopy --- radiative transfer equation --- diffusion equation --- biological tissue --- time-domain instruments --- light propagation in tissue --- optical properties of tissue --- diffuse optical tomography --- fluorescence diffuse optical tomography --- time-resolved spectroscopy --- NIRS --- diffuse optics --- time-domain --- time-resolved --- brain oxygenation --- tissue saturation --- scattering --- absorption --- 3-hour sitting --- near infrared time-resolved spectroscopy --- compression stocking --- tissue oxygenation --- extracellular water --- intracellular water --- circumference --- gastrocnemius --- neonate --- vaginal delivery --- cerebral blood volume --- cerebral hemoglobin oxygen saturation --- near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy --- near infrared spectroscopy --- aging --- prefrontal cortex --- TRS --- magnetic resonance imaging --- brain atrophy --- VSRAD --- optical pathlength --- hemoglobin --- cognitive function --- time-domain NIRS --- null source-detector separation --- brain --- noninvasive --- subcutaneous white adipose tissue --- tissue total hemoglobin --- diffuse light --- inverse problems --- optical tomography --- inverse problem --- datatypes --- diffusion approximation --- highly forward scattering of photons --- diffusion and delta-Eddington approximations --- characteristic length and time scales of photon transport --- n/a

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In the last few decades, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has distinguished itself as one of the most rapidly advancing spectroscopic techniques. Mainly known as an analytical tool useful for sample characterization and content quantification, NIR spectroscopy is essential in various other fields, e.g. NIR imaging techniques in biophotonics, medical applications or used for characterization of food products. Its contribution in basic science and physical chemistry should be noted as well, e.g. in exploration of the nature of molecular vibrations or intermolecular interactions. One of the current development trends involves the miniaturization and simplification of instrumentation, creating prospects for the spread of NIR spectrometers at a consumer level in the form of smartphone attachments—a breakthrough not yet accomplished by any other analytical technique. A growing diversity in the related methods and applications has led to a dispersion of these contributions among disparate scientific communities. The aim of this Special Issue was to bring together the communities that may perceive NIR spectroscopy from different perspectives. It resulted in 30 contributions presenting the latest advances in the methodologies essential in near-infrared spectroscopy in a variety of applications.

n/a --- pocket-sized spectrometer --- standard germination tests --- total hydroxycinnamic derivatives --- hyperspectral image --- quantitative analysis modeling --- tissue --- chemotherapy --- FTIR spectroscopy --- cheese --- biomeasurements --- chemometrics --- affine invariance --- rapid identification --- biodiagnosis --- bioanalytical applications --- fat --- NIRS --- pixel-wise --- paraffin-embedded --- late preterm --- maize kernel --- photonics --- hyperspectral image processing --- image processing --- colorectal cancer --- test set validation --- deep convolutional neural network --- near-infrared fluorescence --- classification --- variety discrimination --- near-infrared hyperspectral imaging --- ensemble learning --- light --- origin traceability --- Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis --- Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy --- dry matter --- Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy --- hyperspectral imaging --- FT-NIR spectroscopy --- proximal sensing --- perfusion measurements --- near-infrared spectroscopy --- stained --- carotenoids --- cellular imaging --- perturbation --- direct model transferability --- clinical classifications --- counterfeit and substandard pharmaceuticals --- hyperspectral imaging technology --- spectral imaging --- SVM --- nutritional parameters --- extra virgin olive oil --- ethanol --- osteopathy --- living cells --- object-wise --- water-mirror approach --- Chrysanthemum --- bootstrapping soft shrinkage --- FTIR --- PLS-R --- multivariate data analysis --- combination bands --- binary dragonfly algorithm --- geographical origin --- Vitis vinifera L. --- glucose --- detection --- di-(2-picolyl)amine --- non-destructive sensor --- splanchnic --- adulteration --- animal origin --- melamine --- artemether --- MicroNIR™ --- brain --- fluorescent probes --- Folin–Ciocalteu --- SCiO --- support vector machine --- anharmonic quantum mechanical calculations --- PLSR --- Zn(II) --- RMSEP --- overtones --- blackberries --- pasta/sauce blends --- FT-IR --- partial least squares calibration --- partial least squares (PLS) --- auxiliary diagnosis --- handheld near-infrared spectroscopy --- precision viticulture --- partial least squares --- seeds vitality --- freeze-damaged --- near infrared --- discriminant analysis --- corn seed --- quantum chemical calculation --- anharmonic calculation --- Trichosanthis Fructus --- moisture --- analytical spectroscopy --- Raman spectroscopy --- NIR spectroscopy --- calibration transfer --- imaging --- water --- lumefantrine --- BRAF V600E mutation --- wavelength selection --- bone cancer --- imaging visualization --- near infrared spectroscopy --- raisins --- chemometric techniques --- data fusion --- prepared slices --- Ewing sarcoma --- biomonitoring --- Rubus fructicosus --- VIS/NIR hyperspectral imaging --- combinations bands --- quantitative analysis model --- partial least square regression --- DFT calculations --- TreeBagger --- antimalarial tablets --- accelerated aging --- agriculture --- crude drugs --- spectroscopy --- rice seeds --- PLS --- isotopic substitution --- multivariate calibration --- phytoextraction --- Fourier-transform near-infrared spectroscopy --- phenolics --- deparaffinized --- near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy --- SIMCA --- counter propagation artificial neural network --- fructose --- PLS-DA --- ultra-high performance liquid chromatography --- aquaphotomics --- support vector machine-discriminant analysis --- hier-SVM --- DNA --- NIR --- support vector machine model --- API --- principal component analysis --- Folin-Ciocalteu

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Biomass from olives as a raw material for biorefineries Recent advances in chemical composition determination Latest progress in the extraction and characterization of biocompounds Exploitation of by-products such as wastewater, pomace or olive leaves as raw materials for the production of renewable compounds Applications in bioenergy, renewable chemical production or biofuel production

Olea europaea --- supercritical fluid extraction --- triterpenoids --- polyphenols --- olive leaves --- anaerobic digestion --- economic evaluation --- olive mill solid waste --- phenolic compounds --- steam explosion --- antioxidants --- bioactive compounds --- biorefinery --- experimental design --- olive biomass --- response surface methodology --- ultrasound-assisted extraction --- olive byproducts valorization --- lignocellulosic components --- feedstock analysis --- near-infrared spectroscopy --- olive tree pruning --- extracted olive pomace --- flavonoids --- antioxidant activity --- Biodiesel-derived glycerol --- citric acid --- microbial lipid --- olive-mill-wastewater --- polyols --- polysaccharides --- Yarrowia lipolytica --- value-added compounds

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With pore sizes up to 100 nm, the term "nanoporous" covers a wide range of material classes. A broad field of applications has arisen from the diversity of unique structures and properties of nanoporous materials. Recent research spans the range from fundamental studies of the behavior of atoms and molecules in confined space, creative synthetic pathways for novel materials, to applications in high-performance technologies. This Special Issue collects current studies about the progress in the development, characterization, and application of nanoporous materials, including (but not restricted to) mesoporous silica, carbon and metal oxides, porous coordination polymers, metal organic frameworks (MOFs), and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), as well as materials exhibiting hierarchical porosity. Their functionalities show promise for fields such as energy storage/conversion (e.g., photocatalysis and battery electrodes), sensing, catalysis, and their sorption properties for N2, CO2, NOx, or H2O, to name just a few.

History of engineering & technology --- mesoporous silica --- organocatalysis --- host-guest materials --- magic-angle spinning NMR (MAS-NMR) --- nanoporous metal foam --- nanoshell --- buckling --- free vibration --- strain gradient theory --- first-order shear deformation theory --- SERS --- near-infrared --- crystal silicon photoluminescence --- porous silicon photonic crystals --- hot-spots --- mesoporous films --- direct growth --- esterification --- material formation --- porous organic polymers --- amine modification --- CO2 separation --- adsorption mechanism --- chemisorption of CO2 --- Birnessite --- nanoporous metal oxides --- impedance spectroscopy --- perovskite solar cell --- electron selective layer --- pinhole --- mesoporous TiO2 --- evaporation-induced self-assembly --- dip coating