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Geochemistry --- Porphyry --- Mineralogical chemistry --- Minerals --- Analysis.

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The transportation sector is going through a big technological change and electronic mobile devices and vehicles are becoming increasingly important contributors to decrease the environmental impacts caused by the tailpipe emissions of internal combustion vehicles. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are often used as electrochemical energy storage devices in powering electric transport systems. However, the increasing rate of production of LIBs is not followed by the rate of recycling. Moreover, the currently established processes are facing losses.
The present study is based on the analysis of four battery modules of stand-up scooters. The investigations started by the pretreatment stage, where the e-scooters and battery modules were dismantled manually, followed by the depollution, conducted by discharging in a salt solution. As part of the processing stage, liberation included a single-stage size reduction using a cutting mill and separation using vibrational sieving with a set of custom sorting sieves. In addition, the liberation of the battery cells and pre-shredded material were tested using electric pulse fragmentation and attrition water washing.
After shredding and sieving, on the generated mid and fine size fractions, microscopic investigations and chemical analysis were conducted. By chemical analysis, the segregation of the high-value materials to the fine size fractions was investigated. For microscopical investigations, optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed, to analyze the relationship and liberation of the current collector foils and their active materials. Quantitative image analysis by segmentation and thresholding has been done using a collection of machine learning algorithms. The chemical analysis results were compared with the quantitative image analysis results.
The development of lithium-ion batteries recycling has been industry-driven, unlike the development of new lithium-ion batteries, which are considering mainly the manufacturing cost and performance, without implementing strategies such as Design for Recycling (DfR). To develop efficient large-scale economical recycling facilities, battery researchers and manufacturers must focus more on improving the recyclability of lithium-ion batteries.

lithium-ion battery --- recycling process --- micromobility --- electric scooters --- material characterization --- mineralogical characterization --- circular economy --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Géologie, ingénierie du pétrole & des mines

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Ruby, red corundum, is a gem mineral with mineral properties, gem characteristics and chemistry that are reliant on critical trace element substitutions in its aluminum oxide crystal structure. Ruby has attracted scientific and economic interest. It has already been studied extensively regarding its widespread global distribution and the diversity of its geological associations, as revealed by exploration and exploitation. Researchers are becoming increasingly aware that geographic typing of ruby characteristics and its host assemblages may guide further exploration and provide checks on reputed sources of both rough and cut stones. Genetic pointers, based on fluid and solid mineral inclusions, oxygen and other isotope values and pressure and temperature estimates, have already yielded much genetic information. Rare ruby in mantle xenoliths, TP ~1100o C, 2GPa, epitaxial diamond in ruby and ruby in diamond have special interest. Amid the present extensive documentation on this singular gem mineral, new insights and co-existing associations remain to be discovered. Although ruby largely appears in metamorphic and metasomatic source rocks, newer studies suggest it may also arise from magmatic sources. Age-dating of a range of mineral inclusions in ruby now allows more precise modelling of ruby genesis. Tectonic aspects of ruby genesis related to early collisional plate events on Earth are also a frontier for further understanding. In addition, ruby growth remains an important phase in metamorphic studies of events in some young collisional zones. This Special Issue planned for Minerals aims to attract further studies on this multi-origin gem mineral. Investigations at the ‘economic border’ of ruby and sapphire nomenclature and relevant treatments affecting ruby color will be considered.

Research & information: general --- Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning --- gems --- ruby --- marble --- eskolaite --- Southern Urals --- spinel --- Mogok --- geochronology --- U-Pb dating --- zircon --- zirconolite --- geographic origin determination --- sapphire --- trace elements --- radiogenic isotopes --- linear discriminant analysis --- corundum --- gemology --- geology of gem deposits --- mineralogical association --- geochemistry --- Snezhnoe deposit --- Tajikistan --- Central Pamir --- Muzkol-Rangkul anticlinorium --- in situ U-Pb LA-ICP-MS rutile dating --- oxygen isotopes --- Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotopes --- sulfides --- Montepuez --- ruby deposits --- classification --- typology --- magmatism --- metamorphism --- sedimentary --- metasomatism --- fluids --- stable and radiogenic isotopes --- genetic models --- exploration --- gems --- ruby --- marble --- eskolaite --- Southern Urals --- spinel --- Mogok --- geochronology --- U-Pb dating --- zircon --- zirconolite --- geographic origin determination --- sapphire --- trace elements --- radiogenic isotopes --- linear discriminant analysis --- corundum --- gemology --- geology of gem deposits --- mineralogical association --- geochemistry --- Snezhnoe deposit --- Tajikistan --- Central Pamir --- Muzkol-Rangkul anticlinorium --- in situ U-Pb LA-ICP-MS rutile dating --- oxygen isotopes --- Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotopes --- sulfides --- Montepuez --- ruby deposits --- classification --- typology --- magmatism --- metamorphism --- sedimentary --- metasomatism --- fluids --- stable and radiogenic isotopes --- genetic models --- exploration