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This paper studies how a positive export shock - the sharp increase in garment-sector exports that began at the end of the Multifibre Arrangement (MFA) - spread through Bangladesh's labor markets. Although the end of the MFA was arguably exogenous to Bangladesh, the authors instrument export demand with OECD imports to ensure identification. The paper compares estimates of the local labor market effects (wages and informality) and estimates from wage equations that reflect the predictions from long-run, general-equilibrium neoclassical trade theory. As in other studies, this paper finds that the export shock was localized both in terms of sector and geography. Wages increased and informality decreased in sub-districts more exposed to the export shock. Unlike in other studies, these local labor market effects dissipate quickly. Furthermore, Bangladesh's export shock was sector specific, limited predominantly to the female-intensive garment and textile sector. The paper shows that, following the increase in exports of the female-intensive good, the male-female wage gap closes considerably throughout the country - not just in the apparel sector. In relatively small Bangladesh, the national labor market seems to be more integrated compared to larger countries studied, possibly suggesting that labor adjustment costs are lower in smaller countries.

Apparel Exports --- Export Shock --- Garment Industry --- Gender --- Gender and Economics --- Inequality --- Informality --- Labor Markets --- MFA --- Multi-Fiber Arrangement --- Multi-Fibre Arrangement --- Poverty Reduction --- Rural Development --- Rural Labor Markets --- Stolper-Samuelson --- Trade Policy --- Trade Shock --- Wage Inequality --- Wages, Compensation and Benefits

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Recent advancements in mechanical engineering are an essential topic for discussion. The topics relating to mechanical engineering include the following: measurements of signals of shafts, springs, belts, bearings, gears, rotors, machine elements, vibration analysis, acoustic analysis, fault diagnosis, construction, analysis of machine operation, analysis of smart-material systems, integrated systems, stresses, analysis of deformations, analysis of mechanical properties, signal processing of mechanical systems, and rotor dynamics. Mechanical engineering deals with solid and fluid mechanics, rotation, movements, materials, and thermodynamics. This book, with 15 published articles, presents the topic “Symmetry in Mechanical Engineering”. The presented topic is interesting. It is categorized into eight different sections: Deformation; Stresses; Mechanical properties; Tribology; Thermodynamic; Measurement; Fault diagnosis; Machine. The development of techniques and methods related to mechanical engineering is growing every month. The described articles have made a contribution to mechanical engineering. The proposed research can find applications in factories, oil refineries, and mines. It is essential to develop new improved methods, techniques, and devices related to mechanical engineering.

History of engineering & technology --- traveling waves --- vibration stability --- self-excited vibration --- thin spur gear --- variational mode decomposition --- signal analysis --- time-frequency analysis --- center frequency method of double thresholds --- Hilbert transform --- finite-time control --- terminal sliding mode --- chattering --- neural network --- thin-walled structures --- higher-order deformation modes --- identification --- doubly symmetric cross-sections --- shell-like deformation --- dual mass flywheel --- absolute sensitivity --- relative sensitivity --- torsional vibration --- spring --- Dempster’s rule --- evidence distance --- pattern recognition --- maritime surveillance --- customer needs --- bad parameters --- core problems --- design process --- conceptual design --- time-varying P-type IL method --- MFA control --- imprecise probability --- active control --- piezoelectric cantilever plate --- image processing --- particle --- distribution --- rolling bearings --- Fault diagnosis --- second-order tristable stochastic resonance --- seeker optimization algorithm --- output signal-to-noise ratio --- global optimization --- meta-heuristic --- butterfly optimization algorithm --- cross-entropy method --- engineering design problems --- grinding --- rheology --- breakage parameters --- relative viscosity --- tool wear state --- CNN --- BiLSTM --- attention mechanism --- signal features --- vibrations --- symmetries --- two-engine vehicle --- rear clutch --- front clutch --- vibration modes --- granulation --- on-line monitoring --- fertilizers --- parallel robot --- minimally invasive procedures --- algebraic modeling --- Study parameters --- fractional damping --- vibration --- dynamic behaviour --- hybrid mechanism --- helicopter --- abrasive belt grinding --- predictive model --- regression --- material removal --- electric vehicles --- PMSM --- auxiliary slot --- response surface methodology --- n/a --- Dempster's rule

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Advances in miniaturization of sensors, actuators, and smart systems are receiving substantial industrial attention, and a wide variety of transducers are commercially available or with high potential to impact emerging markets. Substituting existing products based on bulk materials, in fields such as automotive, environment, food, robotics, medicine, biotechnology, communications, and other technologies, with reduced size, lower cost, and higher performance, is now possible, with potential for manufacturing using advanced silicon integrated circuits technology or alternative additive techniques from the mili- to the nano-scale. In this Special Issue, which is focused on piezoelectric transducers, a wide range of topics are covered, including the design, fabrication, characterization, packaging, and system integration or final applications of mili/micro/nano-electro-mechanical systems based transducers.

History of engineering & technology --- cylindrical composite --- piezoceramic/epoxy composite --- electromechanical characteristics --- transducer --- piezoelectric actuators --- positioning --- trajectory control --- numerical analysis --- trajectory planning --- square piezoelectric vibrator --- resonance --- piezoelectric diaphragm pump --- flexible support --- piezoelectric resonance pump --- piezoelectric ceramics actuators --- hysteresis modeling --- Bouc–Wen model --- P-type IL --- MFA control --- SM control --- evidence theory --- active vibration control --- piezoelectric smart structure --- piezoelectric material --- multiphysics simulation --- finite element method (FEM) --- fluid–structure interaction (FSI) --- micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) --- traveling waves --- piezoelectric --- microactuator --- MEMS --- piezoelectric current sensing device --- two-wire power cord --- cymbal structure --- force amplification effect --- sensitivity --- ciliary bodies touch beam --- piezoelectric tactile feedback devices --- anisotropic vibration tactile model --- human factor experiment --- nondestructive testing --- maturity method --- concrete early-age strength --- SmartRock --- ultrasonic waves --- PZT (piezoelectric) sensors --- structural health monitoring --- AlN thin film --- piezoelectric effect --- resonant accelerometer --- z-axis --- debonding --- non-destructive testing --- electromechanical impedance --- damage detection --- impedance-based technique --- damage depth --- piezoelectric vibration energy harvester --- frequency up-conversion mechanism --- impact --- PZT thick film --- piezoelectric ceramic materials --- Duhem model --- hysteresis model --- class-C power amplifier --- diode expander --- piezoelectric transducers --- point-of-care ultrasound systems --- transverse impact --- frequency up-conversion --- piezoelectric bimorph --- human-limb motion --- hybrid energy harvester --- cascade-connected transducer --- low frequency --- small size --- finite element --- acoustic telemetry --- measurement while drilling --- energy harvesting --- pipelines --- underwater networks --- wireless sensor networks --- control algorithm --- waterproof --- coating --- reliability --- flexible micro-devices --- aqueous environments --- seawater --- capacitive pressure sensors --- in-situ pressure sensing --- sensor characterization --- physiological applications --- cardiac output --- aluminum nitride --- resonator --- damping --- quality factor --- electromechanical coupling --- implantable middle ear hearing device --- piezoelectric transducer --- stimulating site --- finite element analysis --- hearing compensation --- adaptive lens --- piezoelectric devices --- fluid-structure interaction --- moving mesh --- thermal expansion --- COMSOL --- petroleum acoustical-logging --- piezoelectric cylindrical-shell transducer --- center-frequency --- experimental-measurement --- piezoelectricity --- visual servo control --- stepping motor --- nano-positioner --- stick-slip --- piezoelectric energy harvester --- cut-in wind speed --- cut-out wind speed --- energy conservation method --- critical stress method --- piezoelectric actuator --- lever mechanism --- analytical model --- stick-slip frication --- nanopositioning stage --- piezoelectric hysteresis --- mark point recognition --- piecewise fitting --- compensation control --- piezo-electromagnetic coupling --- up-conversion --- vibration energy harvester --- multi-directional vibration --- low frequency vibration --- hysteresis compensation --- single-neuron adaptive control --- Hebb learning rules --- supervised learning --- vibration-based energy harvesting --- multimodal structures --- frequency tuning --- nonlinear resonator --- bistability --- magnetostatic force --- robot --- miniature --- traveling wave --- leg --- piezoelectric actuators (PEAs) --- asymmetric hysteresis --- Prandtl–Ishlinskii (PI) model --- polynomial-modified PI (PMPI) model --- feedforward hysteresis compensation --- PIN-PMN-PT --- 1-3 composite --- high frequency --- phased array --- n/a --- Bouc-Wen model --- fluid-structure interaction (FSI) --- Prandtl-Ishlinskii (PI) model

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Advances in miniaturization of sensors, actuators, and smart systems are receiving substantial industrial attention, and a wide variety of transducers are commercially available or with high potential to impact emerging markets. Substituting existing products based on bulk materials, in fields such as automotive, environment, food, robotics, medicine, biotechnology, communications, and other technologies, with reduced size, lower cost, and higher performance, is now possible, with potential for manufacturing using advanced silicon integrated circuits technology or alternative additive techniques from the mili- to the nano-scale. In this Special Issue, which is focused on piezoelectric transducers, a wide range of topics are covered, including the design, fabrication, characterization, packaging, and system integration or final applications of mili/micro/nano-electro-mechanical systems based transducers.

History of engineering & technology --- cylindrical composite --- piezoceramic/epoxy composite --- electromechanical characteristics --- transducer --- piezoelectric actuators --- positioning --- trajectory control --- numerical analysis --- trajectory planning --- square piezoelectric vibrator --- resonance --- piezoelectric diaphragm pump --- flexible support --- piezoelectric resonance pump --- piezoelectric ceramics actuators --- hysteresis modeling --- Bouc-Wen model --- P-type IL --- MFA control --- SM control --- evidence theory --- active vibration control --- piezoelectric smart structure --- piezoelectric material --- multiphysics simulation --- finite element method (FEM) --- fluid-structure interaction (FSI) --- micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) --- traveling waves --- piezoelectric --- microactuator --- MEMS --- piezoelectric current sensing device --- two-wire power cord --- cymbal structure --- force amplification effect --- sensitivity --- ciliary bodies touch beam --- piezoelectric tactile feedback devices --- anisotropic vibration tactile model --- human factor experiment --- nondestructive testing --- maturity method --- concrete early-age strength --- SmartRock --- ultrasonic waves --- PZT (piezoelectric) sensors --- structural health monitoring --- AlN thin film --- piezoelectric effect --- resonant accelerometer --- z-axis --- debonding --- non-destructive testing --- electromechanical impedance --- damage detection --- impedance-based technique --- damage depth --- piezoelectric vibration energy harvester --- frequency up-conversion mechanism --- impact --- PZT thick film --- piezoelectric ceramic materials --- Duhem model --- hysteresis model --- class-C power amplifier --- diode expander --- piezoelectric transducers --- point-of-care ultrasound systems --- transverse impact --- frequency up-conversion --- piezoelectric bimorph --- human-limb motion --- hybrid energy harvester --- cascade-connected transducer --- low frequency --- small size --- finite element --- acoustic telemetry --- measurement while drilling --- energy harvesting --- pipelines --- underwater networks --- wireless sensor networks --- control algorithm --- waterproof --- coating --- reliability --- flexible micro-devices --- aqueous environments --- seawater --- capacitive pressure sensors --- in-situ pressure sensing --- sensor characterization --- physiological applications --- cardiac output --- aluminum nitride --- resonator --- damping --- quality factor --- electromechanical coupling --- implantable middle ear hearing device --- piezoelectric transducer --- stimulating site --- finite element analysis --- hearing compensation --- adaptive lens --- piezoelectric devices --- fluid-structure interaction --- moving mesh --- thermal expansion --- COMSOL --- petroleum acoustical-logging --- piezoelectric cylindrical-shell transducer --- center-frequency --- experimental-measurement --- piezoelectricity --- visual servo control --- stepping motor --- nano-positioner --- stick-slip --- piezoelectric energy harvester --- cut-in wind speed --- cut-out wind speed --- energy conservation method --- critical stress method --- piezoelectric actuator --- lever mechanism --- analytical model --- stick-slip frication --- nanopositioning stage --- piezoelectric hysteresis --- mark point recognition --- piecewise fitting --- compensation control --- piezo-electromagnetic coupling --- up-conversion --- vibration energy harvester --- multi-directional vibration --- low frequency vibration --- hysteresis compensation --- single-neuron adaptive control --- Hebb learning rules --- supervised learning --- vibration-based energy harvesting --- multimodal structures --- frequency tuning --- nonlinear resonator --- bistability --- magnetostatic force --- robot --- miniature --- traveling wave --- leg --- piezoelectric actuators (PEAs) --- asymmetric hysteresis --- Prandtl-Ishlinskii (PI) model --- polynomial-modified PI (PMPI) model --- feedforward hysteresis compensation --- PIN-PMN-PT --- 1-3 composite --- high frequency --- phased array --- cylindrical composite --- piezoceramic/epoxy composite --- electromechanical characteristics --- transducer --- piezoelectric actuators --- positioning --- trajectory control --- numerical analysis --- trajectory planning --- square piezoelectric vibrator --- resonance --- piezoelectric diaphragm pump --- flexible support --- piezoelectric resonance pump --- piezoelectric ceramics actuators --- hysteresis modeling --- Bouc-Wen model --- P-type IL --- MFA control --- SM control --- evidence theory --- active vibration control --- piezoelectric smart structure --- piezoelectric material --- multiphysics simulation --- finite element method (FEM) --- fluid-structure interaction (FSI) --- micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) --- traveling waves --- piezoelectric --- microactuator --- MEMS --- piezoelectric current sensing device --- two-wire power cord --- cymbal structure --- force amplification effect --- sensitivity --- ciliary bodies touch beam --- piezoelectric tactile feedback devices --- anisotropic vibration tactile model --- human factor experiment --- nondestructive testing --- maturity method --- concrete early-age strength --- SmartRock --- ultrasonic waves --- PZT (piezoelectric) sensors --- structural health monitoring --- AlN thin film --- piezoelectric effect --- resonant accelerometer --- z-axis --- debonding --- non-destructive testing --- electromechanical impedance --- damage detection --- impedance-based technique --- damage depth --- piezoelectric vibration energy harvester --- frequency up-conversion mechanism --- impact --- PZT thick film --- piezoelectric ceramic materials --- Duhem model --- hysteresis model --- class-C power amplifier --- diode expander --- piezoelectric transducers --- point-of-care ultrasound systems --- transverse impact --- frequency up-conversion --- piezoelectric bimorph --- human-limb motion --- hybrid energy harvester --- cascade-connected transducer --- low frequency --- small size --- finite element --- acoustic telemetry --- measurement while drilling --- energy harvesting --- pipelines --- underwater networks --- wireless sensor networks --- control algorithm --- waterproof --- coating --- reliability --- flexible micro-devices --- aqueous environments --- seawater --- capacitive pressure sensors --- in-situ pressure sensing --- sensor characterization --- physiological applications --- cardiac output --- aluminum nitride --- resonator --- damping --- quality factor --- electromechanical coupling --- implantable middle ear hearing device --- piezoelectric transducer --- stimulating site --- finite element analysis --- hearing compensation --- adaptive lens --- piezoelectric devices --- fluid-structure interaction --- moving mesh --- thermal expansion --- COMSOL --- petroleum acoustical-logging --- piezoelectric cylindrical-shell transducer --- center-frequency --- experimental-measurement --- piezoelectricity --- visual servo control --- stepping motor --- nano-positioner --- stick-slip --- piezoelectric energy harvester --- cut-in wind speed --- cut-out wind speed --- energy conservation method --- critical stress method --- piezoelectric actuator --- lever mechanism --- analytical model --- stick-slip frication --- nanopositioning stage --- piezoelectric hysteresis --- mark point recognition --- piecewise fitting --- compensation control --- piezo-electromagnetic coupling --- up-conversion --- vibration energy harvester --- multi-directional vibration --- low frequency vibration --- hysteresis compensation --- single-neuron adaptive control --- Hebb learning rules --- supervised learning --- vibration-based energy harvesting --- multimodal structures --- frequency tuning --- nonlinear resonator --- bistability --- magnetostatic force --- robot --- miniature --- traveling wave --- leg --- piezoelectric actuators (PEAs) --- asymmetric hysteresis --- Prandtl-Ishlinskii (PI) model --- polynomial-modified PI (PMPI) model --- feedforward hysteresis compensation --- PIN-PMN-PT --- 1-3 composite --- high frequency --- phased array