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Human locomotion.

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Experimental Hydrodynamics of Fast-Floating Aquatic Animals presents the latest research on the physiological, morphological, and evolutionary factors in aquatic animal locomoation--

Aquatic animals --- Animal locomotion. --- Physiology. --- Animal running --- Animal walking --- Running, Animal --- Walking, Animal --- Animal mechanics --- Locomotion

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"Dans une sorte de conciliation entre equilibration posturale et maintien de la motricite chez la personne agee, cette etude cherche a elucider une possible liaison il dominant-pied controlateral. Celle-ci serait efficace dans le controle postural en general et la reprise d'equilibre en particulier. Pour reveler cette liaison, l'etude propose de creer un contexte de marche et d'equilibre particulier. Il s'agira d'accueillir chaque individu dans son integralite et specificite sensori-motrices lors de la marche et l'equilibre. La "formule individuelle de lateralisation" de chaque individu influencerait le choix et la realisation motrice de la marche et l'equilibre. Dans le meme temps, l'auteur examine une possible alteration de cette liaison il-pied due au vieillissement et permet au domaine de l'APA (Activites Physiques Adaptees) l'occasion de la considerer."[Source : 4e de couv.].

Older people --- Motor ability --- Motor Skills. --- Locomotion --- Postural Balance --- Aged --- Équilibre (physiologie) --- Troubles de l'équilibre --- Activité motrice --- Chez la personne âgée. --- Motor Skills --- Locomotion. --- Postural Balance. --- Aged.

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Science: general issues --- Neurosciences --- Spinal Cord --- Neuromodulation --- descending pathways --- segmental pathways --- Locomotion --- Respiration --- motoneurons --- Pain

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The brainstem is a conduit connecting higher brain centers, cerebellum and spinal cord and provides the main sensory and motor innervation to the face, head and neck via the cranial nerves. It plays a pivotal role in the regulation of respiration, locomotion, posture, balance, arousal (alertness, awareness and consciousness), sensory information processing (nociception, etc.), autonomic functions (including control of bowel, bladder, blood pressure and heart rate) and is responsible for the regulation of numerous reflexes including swallowing, coughing and vomiting. It is controlled by higher brain centers originating from cortical and subcortical regions including the basal ganglia and diencephalon as well as feedback loops from the cerebellum and spinal cord. A modulatory control of brainstem output can be accomplished by affecting individual neurons and consequently, the operation of neural microcircuits and behavior. This is achieved by altering cellular excitability, synaptic transmission (release probability, postsynaptic receptor responsiveness, thus altering synaptic strength and efficacy) and network properties. Such dynamic control provides flexibility of the nervous system to adapt neural output according to the functional requirements and/or demands of the individual to achieve the desired behavioral state in a changing environment. Neuromodulation can be achieved by the “classical” neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA (gamma-amino butyric acid) by primary excitation and inhibition of the “anatomical network”, but can also be achieved through the use of transmitters acting on G- protein coupled receptors. Such neuromodulators include the monoamines (serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine), acetylcholine, but also glutamate and GABA. In addition, neuropeptides and purines act as neuromodulators. Other chemical mediators such as nitric oxide and growth factors may also have similar actions. The aim of this Research Topic is to highlight recent advances in our understanding of the intrinsic and extrinsic neuromodulatory systems affecting brainstem function from the anatomical, physiological and pharmacological perspective and to emphasize how these advances strengthen, modify or challenge existing conceptual models of sensorimotor and autonomic control.

brainstem --- neuromodulation --- locomotion --- neurotransmitters and motor control --- autonomic function --- spinal cord injury --- movement-related disorders --- pain