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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

biomarkers --- leishmaniasis --- diagnostic --- vaccine --- cure

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Science: general issues --- Infectious & contagious diseases --- biomarkers --- leishmaniasis --- diagnostic --- vaccine --- cure --- biomarkers --- leishmaniasis --- diagnostic --- vaccine --- cure

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Science: general issues --- Infectious & contagious diseases --- biomarkers --- leishmaniasis --- diagnostic --- vaccine --- cure

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La leishmaniose est une maladie zoonotique vectorielle qui constitue un enjeu de santé public majeur, avec 700 000 à 1 000 000 de nouveaux cas chaque année selon l’OMS. Pour ces raisons, de nombreux scientifiques se sont plongés sur la question de l’émergence de cette maladie dans des zones au départ non-endémiques, à cause notamment du réchauffement climatique. 

De nombreux modèles ont été érigés et il est difficile d’obtenir des simulations sans biais statistiques évidents tant la question est complexe et les facteurs tant climatiques que démographiques, nombreux. Néanmoins, tous les résultats convergent dans la même direction : le réchauffement climatique global que nous imposons à notre planète permet aux vecteurs de leishmaniose d’avoir des aires d’affinités climatiques projetées bien plus au nord qu’elles ne le sont actuellement, allant jusqu’au sud de la Scandinavie pour certains vecteurs. Les pays les plus à risques sont l’Allemagne et la Suisse. 

Une autre question majeure qui s’est posée est également la présence du parasite : il ne suffit pas d’un vecteur pour transmettre la maladie, il faut de surcroit que le pathogène soit présent, ainsi que toutes les conditions requises au développement et à l’aboutissement de son cycle. Dans le cas de la leishmaniose, les vecteurs ont une répartition plus au nord que les parasites. Ce qui sous-tend un risque palpable : il n’est pas impossible que la leishmaniose émerge de manière durable en Europe centrale, à cause notamment des cas importés qui pourraient contaminer les vecteurs présents sur place. Jusqu’alors, aucune transmission verticale de leishmaniose chez les vecteurs n’a été rapportée, mais un vecteur infecté le reste durant toute sa durée de vie. Cet élément pourrait jouer un rôle majeur dans l’implantation de la leishmaniose dans nos régions ; les conditions climatiques étant devenues favorables. 
Ces modèles, bien que perfectibles, peuvent servir de base aux pays identifiés comme étant à risques d’endémie future, pour développer des stratégies de lutte et de prévention adéquats. Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic vector-borne disease of public health concern. According to the WHO, 700 000 to 1 000 000 of new cases are recorded each year. Scientist have decided to dive into the deep question of climate change, and how it could interact with the actual distribution of the vectors. 

Many statistical models have been erected. The question is complex and it’s difficult to avoid any statistical bias, because it involves numerous demographic and climatic issues. Nevertheless, all the results converge in the same direction: the global warming that we’re on allow all the leishmaniasis’ vectors to extend their climatic area North than they are currently, until the south of Scandinavia for certain vectors. Germany and Switzerland are identified as the most at risk countries. 

Another major question that has arisen is also the presence of the parasite: a vector is not enough to transmit the disease, the pathogen must also be present, as well as all the conditions required for development and end of its cycle. In the case of leishmaniasis, the vectors have a distribution further north than the parasites. What underpins a palpable risk: it is not impossible that leishmaniasis emerges in a sustainable way in Central Europe, mainly because of imported cases which could contaminate the vectors present on the spot. So far, no vertical transmission of leishmaniasis in vectors has been reported, but an infected vector remains infected throughout its lifespan. This element could play a major role in the implantation of leishmaniasis in our regions; the climatic conditions having become suitable. 

These models, although perfectible, can serve as a basis for countries identified as being at risk of future endemic, to develop adequate control and prevention strategies.

Climate change --- Canine Leishmaniasis --- Europe --- Vector-borne disease --- Sandflies --- Epidemiology --- Public Health --- One-Health --- Changements climatiques --- Leishmaniose canine --- Europe tempérée --- Maladies vectorielles --- Phlébotomes --- Epidémiologie --- Santé publique --- "One-Health" --- Sciences du vivant > Médecine vétérinaire & santé animale

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