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International law --- Human rights --- mensenrechten --- internationaal recht

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This book addresses the tension between, on the one hand, anti-doping practices and measures and, on the other hand, the fundamental rights of athletes. New techniques for testing and re-testing samples taken several years ago, have caused a push by the World Anti-Doping Agency and affiliated organizations for stricter rules, more doping tests and higher sanctions. Meanwhile, many States are adopting new laws and regulations to facilitate this push. At the same time, privacy and data protection have gained new momentum, especially in the European Union, where the General Data Protection Regulation came into effect in May 2018. It contains new obligations for data controllers and processors, rights for data subjects and sanctions for those violating the data protection rules. It is clear that gathering whereabouts information on athletes, collecting urine and blood samples, analyzing the samples and using the data distilled there from falls within the scope of the data protection framework. In addition, European athletes can invoke their rights to privacy, fair trial and freedom from discrimination as guaranteed by the European Convention on Human Rights. The book is aimed at professionals and organizations involved in sports and anti-doping and provides them with an opportunity to delve into and understand the rights guaranteed to athletes within the European context. Furthermore, it is equally relevant for privacy and data protection lawyers and human rights scholars wishing to familiarize themselves with the difficult questions relating to human rights protection in the world of sport and anti-doping. Written in accessible language, it should also prove useful to athletes and laymen wanting to learn about the rules applicable to almost everyone who practices sport, even at a local amateur level. Bart van der Sloot is senior researcher at Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands, Mara Paun is PhD researcher at Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands, Ronald Leenes is professor at Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands.

International law --- Human rights --- mensenrechten --- internationaal recht

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luxembourg --- droit international --- droit financier --- internationaal recht --- financiëel recht

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International law --- Law --- Environmental law --- internationaal recht --- zeerecht

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All of the topics discussed in this book – from sovereignty to cybercrime, and from drones to the identification of passengers & privacy – are profoundly affected by algorithms; so are air traffic services and aeronautical communications. All of these aviation-related aspects are addressed in a 75-year-old treaty called the Chicago Convention and its Annexes, which, as this book argues, needs to be reviewed with a focus on its relevance and applicability in connection with Moore’s Law, which posits that transistors in computer microchips double in speed, power and performance every two years, while the cost of computers is halved during the same period. Firstly, in terms of traditional territorial sovereignty, we have arrived at a point where there is a concept of data sovereignty and ownership that raises issues of privacy. Data transmission becomes ambivalent in terms of territorial sovereignty, and the Westphalian model may not be the perfect answer. Whether it be the manufacture of airplanes, the transfer of data on individuals, or the transmission of aeronautical and telecommunications information – all have to be carried out in accordance with the same fundamental principle: duty of care. Against the backdrop of the relevant provisions of the Chicago Convention and its Annexes, the detailed analysis presented here covers key areas such as: megatrends; AI and international law in the digital age; blockchain and aviation; drones; aviation and telecommunications; aviation and the Internet; cybersecurity; and digital identification of passengers & privacy. In turn, the book suggests how we can best manage this transition.

International law --- Law --- Mass communications --- massamedia --- recht --- internationaal recht --- zeerecht