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Addresses the underlying rhetoric of vaccination debates by examining the full spectrum of viewpoints to develop a nuanced way forward.

Persuasion (Rhetoric) --- Vaccination --- Vaccination of children --- Anti-vaccination movement --- Public opinion. --- Social aspects --- Anti-vaccine movement --- Anti-vax movement --- Social movements --- Children --- Communicable diseases in children --- Immunization of children --- Communicable diseases --- Inoculation --- Preventive inoculation --- Immunization --- Rhetoric --- Forensics (Public speaking) --- Oratory --- Diseases --- Prevention

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Yeasts are truly fascinating microorganisms. Due to their diverse and dynamic activities, they have been used for the production of many interesting products, such as beer, wine, bread, biofuels and biopharmaceuticals. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (bakers’ yeast) is the yeast species that is surely the most exploited by man. Saccharomyces is a top choice organism for industrial applications, although its use for producing beer dates back to at least the 6th millennium BC. Bakers’ yeast has been a cornerstone of modern biotechnology, enabling the development of efficient production processes for antibiotics, biopharmaceuticals, technical enzymes, and ethanol and biofuels. Today, diverse yeast species are explored for industrial applications, such as e.g. Saccharomyces species, Pichia pastoris and other Pichia species, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Hansenula polymorpha, Yarrowia lipolytica, Candida species, Phaffia rhodozyma, wild yeasts for beer brewing, etc. This Special Issue is focused on recent developments of yeast biotechnology with topics including recent techniques for characterizing yeast and their physiology (including omics and nanobiotechnology techniques), methods to adapt industrial strains (including metabolic, synthetic and evolutionary engineering) and the use of yeasts as microbial cell factories to produce biopharmaceuticals, enzymes, alcohols, organic acids, flavours and fine chemicals, and advances in yeast fermentation technology and industrial fermentation processes.

Technology: general issues --- coffee processing --- coffee fermentation --- starter culture --- coffee beverage --- yeast --- Icewine --- Saccharomyces cerevisiae --- hyperosmotic stress --- CRISPR-Cas9 --- glycerol transport --- STL1 --- brewing --- Cyberlindnera --- NABLAB --- non-alcoholic beer --- non-conventional yeast --- non-Saccharomyces yeast --- response surface methodology --- Ustilago --- itaconic acid --- process improvement --- lignocellulosic feedstock --- yeasts --- grape --- federweisser --- wine --- microbiota identification --- MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper --- Torulaspora delbrueckii --- craft beer --- microbrewery plant --- mixed fermentation --- aroma profile --- strain collection --- aroma profiling --- gas chromatography --- wine yeast --- Saccharomyces --- fermentation --- volatile aroma compounds --- Simultaneous inoculation --- Alcoholic fermentation --- Malolactic fermentation --- Sacccharomyces cerevisiae --- Oenococcus oeni --- PN4TM --- OmegaTM --- Aroma profile --- antioxidant --- coffee --- W. anomalus --- industrial brewer’s strains --- adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) --- snowflake phenotype --- beer fermentation --- wine yeasts --- lactic acid bacteria --- co-inoculation --- sequence inoculation --- flavor compounds --- color pigments --- cell printing --- piezoelectric dispensing --- GFP-tagged yeast clone collection --- living cell microarrays --- microfluidic chip --- dynamic single-cell analysis --- Candida albicans --- adhesion --- fibronectin --- nanomotion --- atomic force microscope (AFM) --- xylose metabolism --- genetic engineering --- biofuel --- Spathaspora passalidarum --- Pichia stipitis --- volatile organic compounds --- proton-transfer reaction-mass spectrometry --- Metschnikowia pulcherrima --- flavor --- non-Saccharomyces yeasts --- fermentation-derived products --- fermented beverages --- beer --- coffee bean fermentation --- itaconic acid production --- bioethanol production --- bioreactors --- yeast micro- and nanobiotechnology --- coffee processing --- coffee fermentation --- starter culture --- coffee beverage --- yeast --- Icewine --- Saccharomyces cerevisiae --- hyperosmotic stress --- CRISPR-Cas9 --- glycerol transport --- STL1 --- brewing --- Cyberlindnera --- NABLAB --- non-alcoholic beer --- non-conventional yeast --- non-Saccharomyces yeast --- response surface methodology --- Ustilago --- itaconic acid --- process improvement --- lignocellulosic feedstock --- yeasts --- grape --- federweisser --- wine --- microbiota identification --- MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper --- Torulaspora delbrueckii --- craft beer --- microbrewery plant --- mixed fermentation --- aroma profile --- strain collection --- aroma profiling --- gas chromatography --- wine yeast --- Saccharomyces --- fermentation --- volatile aroma compounds --- Simultaneous inoculation --- Alcoholic fermentation --- Malolactic fermentation --- Sacccharomyces cerevisiae --- Oenococcus oeni --- PN4TM --- OmegaTM --- Aroma profile --- antioxidant --- coffee --- W. anomalus --- industrial brewer’s strains --- adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) --- snowflake phenotype --- beer fermentation --- wine yeasts --- lactic acid bacteria --- co-inoculation --- sequence inoculation --- flavor compounds --- color pigments --- cell printing --- piezoelectric dispensing --- GFP-tagged yeast clone collection --- living cell microarrays --- microfluidic chip --- dynamic single-cell analysis --- Candida albicans --- adhesion --- fibronectin --- nanomotion --- atomic force microscope (AFM) --- xylose metabolism --- genetic engineering --- biofuel --- Spathaspora passalidarum --- Pichia stipitis --- volatile organic compounds --- proton-transfer reaction-mass spectrometry --- Metschnikowia pulcherrima --- flavor --- non-Saccharomyces yeasts --- fermentation-derived products --- fermented beverages --- beer --- coffee bean fermentation --- itaconic acid production --- bioethanol production --- bioreactors --- yeast micro- and nanobiotechnology

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Yeasts are truly fascinating microorganisms. Due to their diverse and dynamic activities, they have been used for the production of many interesting products, such as beer, wine, bread, biofuels and biopharmaceuticals. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (bakers’ yeast) is the yeast species that is surely the most exploited by man. Saccharomyces is a top choice organism for industrial applications, although its use for producing beer dates back to at least the 6th millennium BC. Bakers’ yeast has been a cornerstone of modern biotechnology, enabling the development of efficient production processes for antibiotics, biopharmaceuticals, technical enzymes, and ethanol and biofuels. Today, diverse yeast species are explored for industrial applications, such as e.g. Saccharomyces species, Pichia pastoris and other Pichia species, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Hansenula polymorpha, Yarrowia lipolytica, Candida species, Phaffia rhodozyma, wild yeasts for beer brewing, etc. This Special Issue is focused on recent developments of yeast biotechnology with topics including recent techniques for characterizing yeast and their physiology (including omics and nanobiotechnology techniques), methods to adapt industrial strains (including metabolic, synthetic and evolutionary engineering) and the use of yeasts as microbial cell factories to produce biopharmaceuticals, enzymes, alcohols, organic acids, flavours and fine chemicals, and advances in yeast fermentation technology and industrial fermentation processes.

coffee processing --- coffee fermentation --- starter culture --- coffee beverage --- yeast --- Icewine --- Saccharomyces cerevisiae --- hyperosmotic stress --- CRISPR-Cas9 --- glycerol transport --- STL1 --- brewing --- Cyberlindnera --- NABLAB --- non-alcoholic beer --- non-conventional yeast --- non-Saccharomyces yeast --- response surface methodology --- Ustilago --- itaconic acid --- process improvement --- lignocellulosic feedstock --- yeasts --- grape --- federweisser --- wine --- microbiota identification --- MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper --- Torulaspora delbrueckii --- craft beer --- microbrewery plant --- mixed fermentation --- aroma profile --- strain collection --- aroma profiling --- gas chromatography --- wine yeast --- Saccharomyces --- fermentation --- volatile aroma compounds --- Simultaneous inoculation --- Alcoholic fermentation --- Malolactic fermentation --- Sacccharomyces cerevisiae --- Oenococcus oeni --- PN4TM --- OmegaTM --- Aroma profile --- antioxidant --- coffee --- W. anomalus --- industrial brewer’s strains --- adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) --- snowflake phenotype --- beer fermentation --- wine yeasts --- lactic acid bacteria --- co-inoculation --- sequence inoculation --- flavor compounds --- color pigments --- cell printing --- piezoelectric dispensing --- GFP-tagged yeast clone collection --- living cell microarrays --- microfluidic chip --- dynamic single-cell analysis --- Candida albicans --- adhesion --- fibronectin --- nanomotion --- atomic force microscope (AFM) --- xylose metabolism --- genetic engineering --- biofuel --- Spathaspora passalidarum --- Pichia stipitis --- volatile organic compounds --- proton-transfer reaction-mass spectrometry --- Metschnikowia pulcherrima --- flavor --- non-Saccharomyces yeasts --- fermentation-derived products --- fermented beverages --- beer --- coffee bean fermentation --- itaconic acid production --- bioethanol production --- bioreactors --- yeast micro- and nanobiotechnology

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It has been over 200 years since Fusarium pathogens were described for the first time, and they are still in the spotlight of researchers worldwide, mostly due to the mycotoxigenic abilities and the subsequent introduction of harmful metabolites into the food chain. The accelerating climatic changes are resulting in pathogen population and chemotype shifts all around the world, thus increasing the demand for continuous studies of factors that affect the virulence, disease severity and mycotoxin accumulation in plant tissues. This Special Issue summarizes recent advances in the field of Fusarium genetics, biology and toxicology.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Technology, engineering, agriculture --- Fusarium head blight --- Fusarium species --- soil minerals --- mycotoxins --- organic farming --- sowing value --- winter wheat --- Maize --- Fusarium --- monitoring --- forage --- silage --- maize ear rot --- nivalenol --- fumonisins --- flax --- Fusarium oxysporum --- pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains --- sensitization --- DNA methylation --- PR genes --- ear rot --- maize --- FUM1 --- pathogenicity --- virulence --- Fusarium graminearum --- next-generation sequencing --- proteomics --- photobiology --- transcription factor --- White collar complex --- Fusarium asiaticum --- colonization --- endophyte --- Fo47 --- wilt disease --- fusarium --- LC-MS/MS --- mycotoxin --- occurrence --- wheat --- trichothecene --- NF-κB --- intestinal inflammation --- combinatory effects --- food safety --- resistance expression --- aggressiveness --- F. graminearum --- F. culmorum --- isolate effect --- disease index --- Fusarium-damaged kernel --- deoxynivalenol --- susceptibility window --- inoculation time and FHB response --- keratomycosis --- onychomycosis --- horizontal cross-kingdom --- disease index (DI) --- fusarium damaged kernels (FDK) --- deoxynivalenol (DON) --- host-pathogen relations --- phenotyping FHB --- Cereals --- silo --- fungi --- modelling --- 3D colonisation --- respiration --- ergosterol --- zearalenone --- trichothecenes. --- Fusarium head blight --- Fusarium species --- soil minerals --- mycotoxins --- organic farming --- sowing value --- winter wheat --- Maize --- Fusarium --- monitoring --- forage --- silage --- maize ear rot --- nivalenol --- fumonisins --- flax --- Fusarium oxysporum --- pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains --- sensitization --- DNA methylation --- PR genes --- ear rot --- maize --- FUM1 --- pathogenicity --- virulence --- Fusarium graminearum --- next-generation sequencing --- proteomics --- photobiology --- transcription factor --- White collar complex --- Fusarium asiaticum --- colonization --- endophyte --- Fo47 --- wilt disease --- fusarium --- LC-MS/MS --- mycotoxin --- occurrence --- wheat --- trichothecene --- NF-κB --- intestinal inflammation --- combinatory effects --- food safety --- resistance expression --- aggressiveness --- F. graminearum --- F. culmorum --- isolate effect --- disease index --- Fusarium-damaged kernel --- deoxynivalenol --- susceptibility window --- inoculation time and FHB response --- keratomycosis --- onychomycosis --- horizontal cross-kingdom --- disease index (DI) --- fusarium damaged kernels (FDK) --- deoxynivalenol (DON) --- host-pathogen relations --- phenotyping FHB --- Cereals --- silo --- fungi --- modelling --- 3D colonisation --- respiration --- ergosterol --- zearalenone --- trichothecenes.

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Nowadays, 25% of materials used are metals, and this ratio is not expected to decrease, as metals are indispensable for many applications due to their high resistance to temperature. The only handicap of metals is their relatively higher density with respect to composites. Lightening of metallic structures is possible in three ways: (i) employing low density metals, (ii) developing new ones, and (iii) increasing the yield strength of existing high-density metals. The Laboratory of Excellence of the Lorraine University in France, called ‘Design of Alloy Metals for Low-Mass Structures’, is working to lighten metal via metallurgical means. Two leading research laboratories compose this Laboratory of Excellence within the Lorraine University: the Laboratory of Microstructure Studies and Mechanics of Materials (LEM3), based in Metz, and the Jean Lamour Institute (IJL), located in Nancy. In this Special Issue, they report on some of their major progress in the different fields of metallurgy and mechanics of metallic materials. There are articles in the three major fields of metallurgy: physical, chemical, and mechanical metallurgy. All scales are covered, from atomistic studies to real-scale metallic structures.

History of engineering & technology --- Pd–10Au alloy --- shear compression --- texture --- grain boundary sliding --- TiAl alloys --- dislocation --- twinning --- nanoindentation --- ECCI --- disconnection density --- displacement discontinuity --- crack nucleation --- crack opening displacement --- digital image correlation --- Al-Cu-Li alloys --- titanium aluminides --- grain refinement --- solidification --- inoculation --- TWIP steel --- ECAP --- deformation twinning --- VPSC --- simulation --- industrial ingot --- steel --- dendritic grain size --- titanium --- strain hardening --- anisotropy --- strain heterogeneity --- acoustic emission --- statistical analysis --- collective dislocation dynamics --- Q&amp --- P --- transition carbide --- precipitation --- HEXRD --- TEM --- grain size --- crystal plasticity --- elasto-visco-plastic self-consistent (EVPSC) scheme --- hardening --- dislocation density --- ironmaking --- direct reduction --- iron ore --- DRI --- shaft furnace --- mathematical model --- CO2 emissions --- lattice structures --- porous materials --- 3D surface maps --- finite element --- fatigue --- plasticity --- steel ladle --- non-metallic inclusions --- aggregation --- lateral extrusion ratio --- Finite Element (FE) simulation --- analytical modelling --- plastic flow machining --- back pressure --- polycrystalline β-Ti --- elastic anisotropy --- elastic/plastic incompatibilities --- elasto-viscoplastic self-consistent scheme (EVPSC) --- slip activity --- microsegregation --- gas tungsten arc welding --- directional solidification --- FM52 filler metal --- ERNiCrFe-7 --- tip undercooling --- rolling --- asymmetric ratio --- thickness reduction per pass --- magnesium powders --- HPT consolidation --- microstructure --- hardness --- H-activation --- high entropy alloy --- crystallographic texture --- groove rolling --- elastic properties --- non-Schmid effects --- Taylor multiscale scheme --- localized necking --- bifurcation theory --- excess nitrogen --- clusters precipitation --- Fe–Si and Fe–Cr nitrided alloys --- APT and TEM characterization --- metal matrix composite --- in situ X-ray diffraction --- internal stresses --- phase transformation --- nickel-based single crystal superalloy --- lattice mismatch --- in situ experiments --- X-ray diffractometry --- creep --- dislocations --- diffraction --- fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based method --- discrete green operator --- voxelization artifacts --- sub-voxel method --- simulated diffraction peaks --- scattered intensity --- shape memory alloys --- architected cellular material --- numerical homogenization --- multiscale finite element method --- bainite --- martensite --- isothermal treatment --- mechanical properties --- austenite reconstruction --- variant --- magnesium --- self consistent methods --- modeling --- heterogeneous kinetics --- heat and mass transfer --- Pd–10Au alloy --- shear compression --- texture --- grain boundary sliding --- TiAl alloys --- dislocation --- twinning --- nanoindentation --- ECCI --- disconnection density --- displacement discontinuity --- crack nucleation --- crack opening displacement --- digital image correlation --- Al-Cu-Li alloys --- titanium aluminides --- grain refinement --- solidification --- inoculation --- TWIP steel --- ECAP --- deformation twinning --- VPSC --- simulation --- industrial ingot --- steel --- dendritic grain size --- titanium --- strain hardening --- anisotropy --- strain heterogeneity --- acoustic emission --- statistical analysis --- collective dislocation dynamics --- Q&amp --- P --- transition carbide --- precipitation --- HEXRD --- TEM --- grain size --- crystal plasticity --- elasto-visco-plastic self-consistent (EVPSC) scheme --- hardening --- dislocation density --- ironmaking --- direct reduction --- iron ore --- DRI --- shaft furnace --- mathematical model --- CO2 emissions --- lattice structures --- porous materials --- 3D surface maps --- finite element --- fatigue --- plasticity --- steel ladle --- non-metallic inclusions --- aggregation --- lateral extrusion ratio --- Finite Element (FE) simulation --- analytical modelling --- plastic flow machining --- back pressure --- polycrystalline β-Ti --- elastic anisotropy --- elastic/plastic incompatibilities --- elasto-viscoplastic self-consistent scheme (EVPSC) --- slip activity --- microsegregation --- gas tungsten arc welding --- directional solidification --- FM52 filler metal --- ERNiCrFe-7 --- tip undercooling --- rolling --- asymmetric ratio --- thickness reduction per pass --- magnesium powders --- HPT consolidation --- microstructure --- hardness --- H-activation --- high entropy alloy --- crystallographic texture --- groove rolling --- elastic properties --- non-Schmid effects --- Taylor multiscale scheme --- localized necking --- bifurcation theory --- excess nitrogen --- clusters precipitation --- Fe–Si and Fe–Cr nitrided alloys --- APT and TEM characterization --- metal matrix composite --- in situ X-ray diffraction --- internal stresses --- phase transformation --- nickel-based single crystal superalloy --- lattice mismatch --- in situ experiments --- X-ray diffractometry --- creep --- dislocations --- diffraction --- fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based method --- discrete green operator --- voxelization artifacts --- sub-voxel method --- simulated diffraction peaks --- scattered intensity --- shape memory alloys --- architected cellular material --- numerical homogenization --- multiscale finite element method --- bainite --- martensite --- isothermal treatment --- mechanical properties --- austenite reconstruction --- variant --- magnesium --- self consistent methods --- modeling --- heterogeneous kinetics --- heat and mass transfer