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This paper estimates private and social returns to investment in education in Azerbaijan, using the 2015 Azerbaijan Monitoring Survey for Social Welfare. The private rate of return to education is 6 percent; this is the first estimate of returns to schooling in Azerbaijan since 1995. The returns to schooling are 6 percent for men and 8 percent for women, even controlling for selection. In addition, the paper estimates the returns for higher education; for this level, the rate of return is 9 percent. Finally, using the full discount method, the private rate of return to tertiary education is 9 percent, and the social rate of return is 8 percent. One policy implication is to re-examine the funding of higher education and for its expansion.

Economics of Education --- Education --- Education Investment --- Returns to Education --- Tertiary Education

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Despite a wide range of research discussing the connection between education and entrepreneurship, one aspect remains untouched which is the association between education and the business regulatory framework. The authors conduct the analysis using various metrics of education to account for both its length and quality. The purpose of this paper is to fill this gap and investigate a relationship between education and the quality of the legal framework that regulates local small and medium firms.

Business Environment --- Economics of Education --- Education --- Education For All --- Gender --- Literacy --- Private Sector Development --- Private Sector Economics --- Public Sector Development

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This paper presents new estimates of the returns to education in the Russian Federation using data from 1994 to 2018. Although the returns to schooling increased for a time, they are now much lower than the global average. Private returns to education are three times greater for higher education compared with vocational education, and the returns to education for females are higher than for males. Returns for females show an inverse U-shaped curve over the past two decades. Female education is a policy priority and there is a need to investigate the labor market relevance of vocational education. Higher education may have reached an expansion limit, and it may be necessary to investigate options for increasing the productivity of schooling.

Economics of Education --- Education --- Labor Market --- Returns to Education --- Social Protections and Labor --- Tertiary Education --- Vocational and Technical Education --- Vocational Education

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The objective of this ASA was 'to develop policy recommendations for the Russian Federation based on a detailed analysis of the returns to education and identification of feasible pathways for robust growth in Russia's human capital wealth'. The second part of identifying feasible pathways was perhaps stated too ambitiously. The study does include elements of possible future strategy work with priority regions as well as a potentially very useful idea for individual universities and colleges.

Economics of Education --- Education --- Education For All --- Educational Institutions and Facilities --- Human Capital --- Labor Market --- Returns to Education --- Social Protections and Labor --- Tertiary Education --- Vocational and Technical Education

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Exploiting cross-birth cohort and cross-country variation from a pool of 188 household surveys from 111 countries, this paper measures how life expectancy at birth affects lifetime education and earnings. On average, individuals add one year of schooling for every 8.3 years of increased life expectancy at birth. Lifetime earnings increase by 1.7 percent per year of added life expectancy at birth. The estimates imply that rising life expectancy at birth explains 75 percent of the increase in average years of schooling worldwide for birth cohorts between 1922 and 1987 and 38 percent of the increase in average gross domestic product per capita in the 20th century.

Economics Of Education --- Human Capital Investment --- Human Development --- Labor Force Participation --- Life Expectancy --- Lifelong Learning --- Lifetime Earnings --- Living Standards --- Returns To Education --- Years Of Schooling