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"Malgré une référence expresse faite à la condamnation symbolique par le législateur, cette notion demeure méconnue. Pourtant, ces condamnations sont présentes de manière diffuse dans le droit français : droit civil, droit pénal, droit public. Si les dommages et intérêts symboliques en sont l'illustration la plus évidente, ils n'en sont pas la seule. Annulations dans l'intérêt de la loi, dispenses de peine, ... sont aussi des condamnations symboliques. L'étude concrète de ces illustrations et l'expérience des systèmes juridiques étrangers a permis de constater que toutes les condamnations symboliques ne sont pas guidées par la même logique : protection du droit, reconnaissance d'une violation ou adoucissement de la condamnation encourue."

Peines --- Sanctions (droit) --- Culpabilité (droit) --- Exemptions de peine --- Dommages-intérêts

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After Hurricanes Irma and Maria caused widespread destruction across the U.S. Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, FEMA tasked the Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (HSOAC) to work with the government of Puerto Rico, federal agencies, and other stakeholders to write a congressionally mandated economic and disaster recovery plan. This report summarizes HSOAC's strategic planning process to support the government of Puerto Rico in its development of the recovery plan. The HSOAC team developed nearly 300 potential recovery actions (courses of action) that Puerto Rico could take to repair damage from the hurricanes and address longer-term economic recovery needs. The courses of action delineate potential activities, policies, programs, and strategies designed to further the goals prioritized by the government of Puerto Rico and other stakeholders. Each individual course of action describes an approach to addressing a problem associated with hurricane damage or with a preexisting condition that inhibits economic recovery. To develop the courses of action, the HSOAC team aligned 12 teams with the FEMA sectors supporting the National Disaster Recovery Framework, ranging from water to housing. For each course of action, the team estimated the costs that would likely be incurred and identified potential sources of funding for implementation. The extent of the hurricane damage, combined with the preexisting economic challenges, meant that the recovery actions identified covered every aspect of a modern economy. The hundreds of courses of action represent complex actions that need to be understood in context with how they redress these challenges, with insights into how they connect with the key interests of inclusiveness and innovation, what their contributions will be toward meeting the strategic objectives that the governor of Puerto Rico identified, and their impact on the total cost of the plan. To help the government of Puerto Rico select a cohesive and effective set of courses of action for its recovery plan, the HSOAC team bundled these courses of action into portfolios and developed a unique decision support tool to summarize and synthesize possible options. Ultimately, the analysis and support provided by the HSOAC team facilitated the governor's final decision on which courses of action and portfolios to select, but neither HSOAC nor the decision support engagements exclusively determined the content of the final recovery plan.

Hurricane damage --- Disaster relief --- Hurricane Irma, 2017. --- Hurricane Maria, 2017. --- Dommages causés par les ouragans --- Secours aux victimes de catastrophes --- Puerto Rico.

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Compensation funds are used in vastly different ways across jurisdictions and legal traditions. They are an alternative to traditional tort, insurance and social security structures, and change or eliminate ordinary liability rules for certain classes of victims. Compensation funds have been established to solve liability problems in the domains of traffic accidents, financial deposits, crime victim redress, industrial and environmental damage, natural disasters and healthcare damage. They are popular with lawmakers, but their undefined nature (and sometimes incoherent status) raises important legal questions that have not yet been fully answered. The way that compensation funds have developed in different jurisdictions has not always been consistent with the rest of the legal system within that jurisdiction. The contributions in this book consider the way in which these funds have been used in Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Focusing on their functions, purpose, funding and quantum of compensation, new conclusions are drawn on the objectives of compensation funds and how they differ from insurance and social security. Compensation Funds in Comparative Perspective is useful for all comparative law, liability law and insurance law scholars and practitioners seeking to understand contemporary issues in the operation of compensation funds and introduces novel ideas for future development

Damages --- Liability (Law) --- Comparative law --- Tort and negligence --- Dommages-intérêts --- Responsabilité (Droit) --- Compensation (Law) --- Indemnisation --- Droit comparé --- Accidents de la route --- Traffic accidents --- Assurance contre les accidents --- Accident insurance. --- Indemnity. --- Allemagne --- Belgique --- Espagne --- France --- Nouvelle-Zélande --- Pays-Bas --- Royaume-Uni

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Parce qu'elle est une clé de compréhension du déclenchement de la responsabilité civile, l'anormalité est une notion centrale de l'institution. Elle s'identifie d'abord à travers le dommage, qui est une anomalie, une déviation par rapport au cours normal des choses. L'anormalité est ici intrinsèque au dommage et se définit comme le déséquilibre patrimonial et extrapatrimonial subi par la victime. La notion se découvre ensuite à l'extérieur du dommage, elle caractérise ce qu'il faut en plus du dommage pour engager une responsabilité. Cette anormalité, dite extrinsèque au dommage, tient son origine dans la faute civile : est en faute l'individu ayant adopté un comportement anormal.L'évolution montre que l'anormalité - classiquement cantonnée à l'élément objectif de la faute, avant qu'elle n'en épuise entièrement la définition - s'est diversifiée pour devenir un critère aux multiples visages. La notion se rencontre ainsi, par exemple, dans la responsabilité du fait des choses (anormalité de la chose), dans la responsabilité du fait d'autrui (anormalité du fait d'autrui) ou encore en matière de trouble du voisinage. De manière plus latente, l'anormalité peut également être mobilisée pour expliquer le risque sélectionné par le législateur pour faire l'objet d'un régime spécial (ex. : accidents de la circulation, fait des produits défectueux). En définitive, l'anormalité est un critère juridique de discrimination qui peut, pour faire naître une obligation de réparation, être associé au fait générateur, au dommage ou au risque. Cette vision est forte de potentialités ; elle permet une présentation renouvelée de la matière autour des trois fondements que sont l'anormalité du fait générateur, l'anormalité du dommage et l'anormalité du risque. En délimitant le périmètre de la responsabilité civile, cette tripartition permet finalement une relecture de la matière à la lumière des trois fondements proposés.

Tort and negligence --- France --- Liability (Law) --- Respondeat superior --- Damages --- Danger (Law) --- Responsabilité (Droit) --- Dommages-intérêts --- Risque (Droit) --- Responsabilité (droit) --- Responsabilité du fait d'autrui. --- Responsabilité du fait des choses. --- Responsabilité civile -- France --- Responsabilité

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In August 2018 the government of Puerto Rico submitted an economic and disaster recovery plan to Congress describing a strategic approach toward recovery from the destruction caused by Hurricanes Irma and Maria, building resilience to withstand future disasters, and restoring the struggling economy. The Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (HSOAC) provided substantial input for the plan's development. This report describes the work of the HSOAC cost and funding team—work that informed the overall development of the recovery plan on estimating the costs of courses of action (COAs) that comprise the plan, and on identifying potential funding sources for each COA. A primary challenge was the sheer diversity of the activities included in the plan, which is due to the substantial number of COAs (276), their sectoral specificity, and the technical complexity of infrastructure and other investments. The total cost of the recovery plan is estimated to be

Hurricanes --- Disaster relief --- Hurricane damage --- Hurricane Irma, 2017. --- Hurricane Maria, 2017. --- Ouragans --- Secours aux victimes de catastrophes --- Dommages causés par les ouragans --- Economic aspects --- Aspect économique --- Puerto Rico.