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This paper presents a set of collaborative filtering algorithms that produce product recommendations to diversify and optimize a country's export structure in support of sustainable long-term growth. The recommendation system is able to accurately predict the historical trends in export content and structure for high-growth countries, such as China, India, Poland, and Chile, over 20-year spans. As a contemporary case study, the system is applied to Paraguay, to create recommendations for the country's export diversification strategy.

Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Intelligence (AI) & Semantics --- Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth --- Trade: General --- Neoclassical Models of Trade --- Technological Change: Choices and Consequences --- Diffusion Processes --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- International economics --- Machine learning --- Exports --- Export diversification --- Comparative advantage --- Personal income --- International trade --- Technology --- National accounts --- Income --- Paraguay

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Interrogates the development of the world's first international courts of humanitarian justice and the subsequent "liberation" of nearly two hundred thousand Africans in the nineteenth century.

Slavery --- Freedmen --- Ex-slaves --- Freed slaves --- Slaves --- Abolition of slavery --- Antislavery --- Enslavement --- Mui tsai --- Ownership of slaves --- Servitude --- Slave keeping --- Slave system --- Slaveholding --- Thralldom --- Crimes against humanity --- Serfdom --- Slaveholders --- History --- Law and legislation --- Freedpersons --- Freed persons --- Ex-enslaved persons --- Freed enslaved persons --- Enslaved persons --- Abolition. --- African Consequences. --- British Colonies. --- Comparative Study. --- Emancipation. --- Global Legacy. --- Humanitarian Justice. --- International Courts. --- Liberated Africans. --- Nineteenth Century. --- Slave Trade. --- Slave-Plantation Economies. --- Slavery.

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This paper applies state-of-the-art deep learning techniques to develop the first sentiment index measuring member countries’ reception of IMF policy advice at the time of Article IV Consultations. This paper finds that while authorities of member countries largely agree with Fund advice, there is variation across country size, external openness, policy sectors and their assessed riskiness, political systems, and commodity export intensity. The paper also looks at how sentiment changes during and after a financial arrangement or program with the Fund, as well as when a country receives IMF technical assistance. The results shed light on key aspects on Fund surveillance while redefining how the IMF can view its relevance, value added, and traction with its member countries.

Finance: General --- Macroeconomics --- Industries: Financial Services --- Intelligence (AI) & Semantics --- International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions --- International Policy Coordination and Transmission --- Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology --- Computer Programs: Other Computer Software --- Commodity Markets --- General Financial Markets: Government Policy and Regulation --- Technological Change: Choices and Consequences --- Diffusion Processes --- Financial Institutions and Services: General --- Finance --- Machine learning --- Commodity price fluctuations --- Financial Sector Assessment Program --- Financial sector --- Commodity prices --- Prices --- Technology --- Economic sectors --- Financial sector policy and analysis --- Financial services industry --- Canada

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The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the shift toward digital services. Meanwhile, the race for technological and economic leadership has heated up, with risks of decoupling that could set back trade and growth and hinder the recovery from the worst global recession since the Great Depression. This paper studies the conditions under which a country may seek to erect barriers—banning imports or exports of cyber technologies—and in effect promote decoupling or deglobalization. A well-known result is that banning imports may be optimal in monopolistic sectors, such as the digital sector. The novel result of this paper is that banning exports can also be optimal, and in some cases superior, as it prevents technological diffusion to a challenger that may eventually become the global supplier, capturing monopoly rents and posing cybersecurity risks. However, export or import bans would come at a deleterious cost to the global economy. The paper concludes that fostering international cooperation, including in the cyber domain, could be key to avoiding technological and economic decoupling and securing better livelihoods.

Business and Economics --- Exports and Imports --- Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- Technological Change: Choices and Consequences --- Diffusion Processes --- Trade: General --- Innovation --- Research and Development --- Technological Change --- Intellectual Property Rights: General --- Empirical Studies of Trade --- International economics --- Technology --- general issues --- Imports --- Exports --- Trade liberalization --- Trade balance --- International trade --- Commercial policy --- Balance of trade --- China, People's Republic of

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This paper analyzes the legal foundations of central bank digital currency (CBDC) under central bank and monetary law. Absent strong legal foundations, the issuance of CBDC poses legal, financial and reputational risks for central banks. While the appropriate design of the legal framework will up to a degree depend on the design features of the CBDC, some general conclusions can be made. First, most central bank laws do not currently authorize the issuance of CBDC to the general public. Second, from a monetary law perspective, it is not evident that “currency” status can be attributed to CBDC. While the central bank law issue can be solved through rather straithforward law reform, the monetary law issue poses fundmental legal policy challenges.

Business and Economics --- Banks and Banking --- Finance: General --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Public Finance --- Industries: Financial Services --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- Monetary Policy --- Central Banks and Their Policies --- Remittances --- International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions --- Development Planning and Policy: Trade Policy --- Factor Movement --- Foreign Exchange Policy --- Technological Change: Choices and Consequences --- Diffusion Processes --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Distributed ledgers --- Monetary economics --- Banking --- Public finance & taxation --- Finance --- Central Bank digital currencies --- Currencies --- Central bank legislation --- Legal support in revenue administration --- Payment systems --- Technology --- Money --- Central banks --- Revenue administration --- Financial markets --- Financial services industry --- Technological innovations --- Revenue --- Clearinghouses --- Canada --- Construction industry.