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Cell-based immunotherapy is based on the seemingly simple principle of harnessing the power of the immune system to combat cancer, and is emerging as an important clinical tool. The remarkable success of CAR-T cell therapies demonstrate that cell based therapies are effective at eradicating hematological malignancies, and therefore hold great promise for other cancers. However, there are number of challenges that limit the full potential of cell based therapies, especially for solid cancers. T cells and NK cells represent major lymphocyte populations that are involved in immune surveillance and tumor eradication, and both are emerging as important players for cell based immunotherapy. Although they use different mechanisms for recognizing cancer cells, they complement each other during tumor eradication. NK cells have many functional similarities to T cells and represent the closest innate immune cell lineage to adaptive immune cell populations. Transcriptome analysis has also revealed similar phylogenetic origin of the two lymphocyte populations. The hurdles that impact therapeutic success of these cells include trafficking of lymphocytes to the tumor sites, recognition of solid tumors, and overcoming the inhospitable tumor microenvironment (TME) including the presence of suppressive cells (Treg and MDSC) and immune suppressive cytokines (TGFβ). The full potential of cell based therapies may be realized once tools to overcome these barriers are developed. This Research Topic collects articles critically examining these obstacles and the novel strategies being developed for cell-based therapies to overcome them.

Medicine --- Oncology --- immunotherapy --- NK cell --- tumor micoenvironment --- CAR (chimeric antigen receptor) T cells --- cell based therapy

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Medicine --- Immunology --- cellular therapy --- chimeric antigen receptor-T cell therapy --- chimeric antigen receptor-natural killer cell therapy --- adoptive cell therapy --- T cells --- natural killer cells --- immune effector cells --- cancer --- cellular therapy --- chimeric antigen receptor-T cell therapy --- chimeric antigen receptor-natural killer cell therapy --- adoptive cell therapy --- T cells --- natural killer cells --- immune effector cells --- cancer

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Cell-based immunotherapy is based on the seemingly simple principle of harnessing the power of the immune system to combat cancer, and is emerging as an important clinical tool. The remarkable success of CAR-T cell therapies demonstrate that cell based therapies are effective at eradicating hematological malignancies, and therefore hold great promise for other cancers. However, there are number of challenges that limit the full potential of cell based therapies, especially for solid cancers. T cells and NK cells represent major lymphocyte populations that are involved in immune surveillance and tumor eradication, and both are emerging as important players for cell based immunotherapy. Although they use different mechanisms for recognizing cancer cells, they complement each other during tumor eradication. NK cells have many functional similarities to T cells and represent the closest innate immune cell lineage to adaptive immune cell populations. Transcriptome analysis has also revealed similar phylogenetic origin of the two lymphocyte populations. The hurdles that impact therapeutic success of these cells include trafficking of lymphocytes to the tumor sites, recognition of solid tumors, and overcoming the inhospitable tumor microenvironment (TME) including the presence of suppressive cells (Treg and MDSC) and immune suppressive cytokines (TGFβ). The full potential of cell based therapies may be realized once tools to overcome these barriers are developed. This Research Topic collects articles critically examining these obstacles and the novel strategies being developed for cell-based therapies to overcome them.

Medicine --- Oncology --- immunotherapy --- NK cell --- tumor micoenvironment --- CAR (chimeric antigen receptor) T cells --- cell based therapy --- immunotherapy --- NK cell --- tumor micoenvironment --- CAR (chimeric antigen receptor) T cells --- cell based therapy

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The cooperation of highly specialized cell types maintains the homeostasis of multicellular organisms. The disturbance of that harmony contributes to the development of several diseases. Most of the cellular functions are executed by proteins, so it is essential to investigate biological processes at the protein level. Antibodies, complex biomolecules with high specificity, are used to recognize our protein of interest in a process known as “immunophenotyping”. One of the routinely used methods to study cellular proteins is flow cytometry, which detects cell surface or intracellular proteins at single-cell resolution. The other most frequent technique is the traditional immunohistochemical investigation of microscopic sections of human tissues. We called authors to publish their latest data studying cancer or autoimmune diseases by immunophenotyping.

Medicine --- CD8+CD28− T cells --- cancer immunology --- glioblastoma --- immunotherapy --- malignant glioma --- cancer --- accidental cell death --- oncosis --- DDR --- parthanatos --- flow cytometry --- systemic lupus erythematosus --- T cells --- glycosylation --- sialylation --- lectin binding --- glycosylation enzymes --- galectin 1 --- choriocarcinoma --- hydatidiform mole --- galectin --- gestational trophoblastic disease --- placental-specific gene --- systems biology --- trophoblast differentiation --- B cells --- non-switched B cells --- systemic sclerosis --- dcSSc --- TLR --- CD180 --- RP105 --- CpG --- IL-6 --- IL-10 --- natural autoantibodies --- IgM --- citrate synthase --- DNA topoisomerase I --- unfolded protein response --- Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) --- PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) --- Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) --- Activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) --- immune cells --- T cell --- macrophage --- tumor microenvironment --- single cell mass cytometry --- metastatic breast cancer --- myeloid-derived suppressor cells --- immunophenotyping --- breast cancer --- trastuzumab --- chimeric antigen receptor --- cell therapy --- neuroendocrine neoplasia --- neuroendocrine tumor --- neuroendocrine carcinoma --- immunohistochemistry --- syntaxin 1 --- CD8+CD28− T cells --- cancer immunology --- glioblastoma --- immunotherapy --- malignant glioma --- cancer --- accidental cell death --- oncosis --- DDR --- parthanatos --- flow cytometry --- systemic lupus erythematosus --- T cells --- glycosylation --- sialylation --- lectin binding --- glycosylation enzymes --- galectin 1 --- choriocarcinoma --- hydatidiform mole --- galectin --- gestational trophoblastic disease --- placental-specific gene --- systems biology --- trophoblast differentiation --- B cells --- non-switched B cells --- systemic sclerosis --- dcSSc --- TLR --- CD180 --- RP105 --- CpG --- IL-6 --- IL-10 --- natural autoantibodies --- IgM --- citrate synthase --- DNA topoisomerase I --- unfolded protein response --- Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) --- PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) --- Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) --- Activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) --- immune cells --- T cell --- macrophage --- tumor microenvironment --- single cell mass cytometry --- metastatic breast cancer --- myeloid-derived suppressor cells --- immunophenotyping --- breast cancer --- trastuzumab --- chimeric antigen receptor --- cell therapy --- neuroendocrine neoplasia --- neuroendocrine tumor --- neuroendocrine carcinoma --- immunohistochemistry --- syntaxin 1