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Space and numbers are closely linked to each other in the human mind and brain. These bidirectional links may be the end product of innate biases and/or developmental, educational, and acculturation processes. Whatever their origin may be, there is no doubt that space-number relationships are influenced by linguistic and other cognitive determinants in adults. Biological development, refinement of domain-general abilities like inhibition, working memory capacity, reasoning skills, embodied representations underlying spatial and/or numerical processes may create a basis for formation or restructuring of the links between space and numbers. In modern societies, all this happens in parallel to enculturation encompassing linguistic factors (e.g., reading / writing direction; grammatical number forms), cognitive factors that are not or only partially related to language (e.g., working memory, inhibition) and those that are explicitly related to formal math education and culture (e.g., teaching a number line, individually, culturally or religiously (dys-)preferred numbers like 3, 8, 12, or 13). However, such processes neither begin nor end with adulthood, but continue developing through the lifespan. The associations between space and numbers seems to vary across lifetime development: some space-number relationships become weaker with age so that it is easier to inhibit processing of irrelevant spatial / numerical features in conflicting stimuli. On the other hand, some space number associations are strengthened in lifetime development, possibly due to longer exposure to cultural factors, as well as due to decrease in efficiency of inhibition mechanism. A better theoretical distinction is needed to differentiate the development of different types of space-number relationships over the lifetime. For instance, an important distinction in such models is the distinction between directionality of space-number relations (e.g., SNARC effect) and extension of spatial and numerical magnitudes, such as conflicts between spatial and numerical codes in Approximate Number System (ANS) tasks, where different numerosities (and hence different visually corresponding aspects) have to be compared.

Spatial-numerical association --- number processing --- spatial biases --- cognitive development --- Spatial-numerical association taxonomy

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Space and numbers are closely linked to each other in the human mind and brain. These bidirectional links may be the end product of innate biases and/or developmental, educational, and acculturation processes. Whatever their origin may be, there is no doubt that space-number relationships are influenced by linguistic and other cognitive determinants in adults. Biological development, refinement of domain-general abilities like inhibition, working memory capacity, reasoning skills, embodied representations underlying spatial and/or numerical processes may create a basis for formation or restructuring of the links between space and numbers. In modern societies, all this happens in parallel to enculturation encompassing linguistic factors (e.g., reading / writing direction; grammatical number forms), cognitive factors that are not or only partially related to language (e.g., working memory, inhibition) and those that are explicitly related to formal math education and culture (e.g., teaching a number line, individually, culturally or religiously (dys-)preferred numbers like 3, 8, 12, or 13). However, such processes neither begin nor end with adulthood, but continue developing through the lifespan. The associations between space and numbers seems to vary across lifetime development: some space-number relationships become weaker with age so that it is easier to inhibit processing of irrelevant spatial / numerical features in conflicting stimuli. On the other hand, some space number associations are strengthened in lifetime development, possibly due to longer exposure to cultural factors, as well as due to decrease in efficiency of inhibition mechanism. A better theoretical distinction is needed to differentiate the development of different types of space-number relationships over the lifetime. For instance, an important distinction in such models is the distinction between directionality of space-number relations (e.g., SNARC effect) and extension of spatial and numerical magnitudes, such as conflicts between spatial and numerical codes in Approximate Number System (ANS) tasks, where different numerosities (and hence different visually corresponding aspects) have to be compared.

Science: general issues --- Psychology --- Spatial-numerical association --- number processing --- spatial biases --- cognitive development --- Spatial-numerical association taxonomy --- Spatial-numerical association --- number processing --- spatial biases --- cognitive development --- Spatial-numerical association taxonomy

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Considers how research in psychology offers new perspectives on property law, and suggests avenues of reform Property law governs the acquisition, use and transfer of resources. It resolves competing claims to property, provides legal rules for transactions, affords protection to property from interference by the state, and determines remedies for injury to property rights. In seeking to accomplish these goals, the law of property is concerned with human cognition and behavior. How do we allocate property, both initially and over time, and what factors determine the perceived fairness of those distributions? What social and psychological forces underlie determinations that certain uses of property are reasonable? What remedies do property owners prefer? The Psychology of Property Law explains how assumptions about human judgement, decision-making and behavior have shaped different property rules and examines to what extent these assumptions are supported by the research. Employing key findings from psychology, the book considers whether property law’s goals could be achieved more successfully with different rules. In addition, the book highlights property laws and conflicts that offer productive areas for further behaviorally-informed research. The book critically addresses several topics from property law for which psychology has a great deal to contribute. These include ownership and possession, legal protections for residential and personal property, takings of property by the state, redistribution through property law, real estate transactions, discrimination in housing and land use, and remedies for injury to property.

Possessiveness. --- Property --- Acquisition of property. --- Things (Law) --- Possession (Law) --- Right of property. --- Property. --- Psychological aspects. --- Discrimination. --- Fair Housing Act. --- Lockean labor theory. --- Ownership. --- Possession. --- Preferences. --- Prejudice. --- Remedies. --- Schemas. --- Stereotype. --- Taxes. --- adaptation. --- adverse possession. --- anchoring. --- applied psychology. --- bailments. --- bankruptcy exemptions. --- behavioral law and economics. --- bounded rationality. --- bundle of rights. --- cognitive biases. --- cultural differences. --- debiasing. --- deception. --- dictator game. --- disparate impact. --- dual agency. --- eminent domain. --- endowment effect. --- expropriation. --- externalities. --- fair housing. --- family property. --- first possession. --- groupthink. --- homelessness. --- homes. --- homestead exemptions. --- identifiability effect. --- identity. --- implicit bias. --- in-kind redress. --- inequity aversion. --- injunctions. --- just compensation. --- legitimacy. --- liability rules. --- long-term tenants. --- mere ownership effect. --- monetary compensation. --- motivated reasoning. --- neighborhood associations. --- nudges. --- omission bias. --- optimism bias. --- overoptimism. --- ownership. --- participatory democracy. --- personal property. --- personhood theory. --- property rights. --- property rules. --- psychology-informed property law. --- quick take. --- redistribution. --- remedies. --- reparcellation. --- resource theory. --- self- help. --- self-serving bias. --- social norms. --- source dependence. --- sunk costs. --- takings. --- tenancy by the entirety. --- theories of private property. --- trespass. --- ultimatum game. --- undercompensation. --- well-being.