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Avalanches cause the highest number of fatalities in the Alps, threatening many areas and facilities, as well as transport and communications infrastructure. An integral part of avalanche protection is risk communication and warning, which is within the domain of the avalanche service of the Slovenian Environmental Agency. As part of the ‘Crossrisk Project’, the ZRC SAZU Anton Melik Geographical Institute has prepared a ‘Snow Field Manual’ which will allow for the standardised collection of field data on snow, snow cover and avalanches. This data forms the basis for determining the current avalanche hazard level. The ‘Snow Card’ supplement, which is an integral part of the manual, contains a condensed view of the most important contents and also includes two forms (there are a total of 14 forms in the manual) for entering the snow cover cross-section data. It also includes instructions for preparing and performing cross-sections of snow cover and avalanche tests. All information is provided along with a clear explanation key. Finally, a description of typical avalanche problems and types of avalanche hazards follows. The full applicability of the Snow Field Manual and the Snow Card is achieved by entering the digital data of the cross-section and the avalanche test into the appropriate web application. Snežni plazovi so naravna nesreča, ki v Alpah povzroči največ smrtnih žrtev, ogroža pa tudi številne površine in objekte ter prometno in komunikacijsko infrastrukturo. Sestavni del varstva in zaščite pred snežnimi plazovi je tudi obveščanje in opozarjanje, ki je v domeni lavinske službe, v Sloveniji Agencije Republike Slovenije za okolje. Na Geografskem inštitutu Antona Melika ZRC SAZU smo v okviru projekta Crossrisk pripravili priročnik bo omogočil standardizirano zbiranje terenskih podatkov o snegu, snežni odeji in plazovih, ki so temelj za določitev stopnje nevarnosti proženja snežnih plazov. V priročniku, katerega sestavni del je tudi snežna kartica - na njej sta poleg zgoščenega prikaza najnujnejših vsebin tudi dva obrazca (v priročniku 14) za vnos podatkov o prerezu - so navodila za pripravo in izvedbo prereza snežne odeje ter preizkusa plazovitosti. Pri vseh podatkih je naveden ključ za njihov vnos. Na koncu sledi opis značilnih plazovnih problemov oziroma tipov plazovne nevarnosti. Polno uporabnost snežnega priročnika in kartice dosežemo z e vpisom podatkov o prerezu in preizkusu plazovitosti na ustrezen spletni naslov, na katerem so obrazci v digitalni obliki.

Mountains --- Hydrology & the hydrosphere --- avalanche hazard tests --- snow avalanches --- snow cover profile --- manuals --- preizkus plazovitosti --- prerez snežne odeje --- priročniki --- snežni plazovi --- avalanche hazard tests --- snow avalanches --- snow cover profile --- manuals --- preizkus plazovitosti --- prerez snežne odeje --- priročniki --- snežni plazovi

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• Reference Manager
• EndNote
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Avalanches cause the highest number of fatalities in the Alps, threatening many areas and facilities, as well as transport and communications infrastructure. An integral part of avalanche protection is risk communication and warning, which is within the domain of the avalanche service of the Slovenian Environmental Agency. As part of the ‘Crossrisk Project’, the ZRC SAZU Anton Melik Geographical Institute has prepared a ‘Snow Field Manual’ which will allow for the standardised collection of field data on snow, snow cover and avalanches. This data forms the basis for determining the current avalanche hazard level. The ‘Snow Card’ supplement, which is an integral part of the manual, contains a condensed view of the most important contents and also includes two forms (there are a total of 14 forms in the manual) for entering the snow cover cross-section data. It also includes instructions for preparing and performing cross-sections of snow cover and avalanche tests. All information is provided along with a clear explanation key. Finally, a description of typical avalanche problems and types of avalanche hazards follows. The full applicability of the Snow Field Manual and the Snow Card is achieved by entering the digital data of the cross-section and the avalanche test into the appropriate web application. Snežni plazovi so naravna nesreča, ki v Alpah povzroči največ smrtnih žrtev, ogroža pa tudi številne površine in objekte ter prometno in komunikacijsko infrastrukturo. Sestavni del varstva in zaščite pred snežnimi plazovi je tudi obveščanje in opozarjanje, ki je v domeni lavinske službe, v Sloveniji Agencije Republike Slovenije za okolje. Na Geografskem inštitutu Antona Melika ZRC SAZU smo v okviru projekta Crossrisk pripravili priročnik bo omogočil standardizirano zbiranje terenskih podatkov o snegu, snežni odeji in plazovih, ki so temelj za določitev stopnje nevarnosti proženja snežnih plazov. V priročniku, katerega sestavni del je tudi snežna kartica - na njej sta poleg zgoščenega prikaza najnujnejših vsebin tudi dva obrazca (v priročniku 14) za vnos podatkov o prerezu - so navodila za pripravo in izvedbo prereza snežne odeje ter preizkusa plazovitosti. Pri vseh podatkih je naveden ključ za njihov vnos. Na koncu sledi opis značilnih plazovnih problemov oziroma tipov plazovne nevarnosti. Polno uporabnost snežnega priročnika in kartice dosežemo z e vpisom podatkov o prerezu in preizkusu plazovitosti na ustrezen spletni naslov, na katerem so obrazci v digitalni obliki.

Mountains --- Hydrology & the hydrosphere --- avalanche hazard tests --- snow avalanches --- snow cover profile --- manuals --- preizkus plazovitosti --- prerez snežne odeje --- priročniki --- snežni plazovi

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The modern understanding of metal plasticity and fracturing began about 100 years ago, with pioneering work; first, on crack-induced fracturing by Griffith and, second, with the invention of dislocation-enhanced crystal plasticity by Taylor, Orowan and Polanyi. The modern counterparts are fracture mechanics, as invented by Irwin, and dislocation mechanics, as initiated in pioneering work by Cottrell. No less important was the breakthrough development of optical characterization of sectioned polycrystalline metal microstructures started by Sorby in the late 19th century and leading eventually to modern optical, x-ray and electron microscopy methods for assessments of crystal fracture surfaces, via fractography, and particularly of x-ray and electron microscopy techniques applied to quantitative characterizations of internal dislocation behaviors. A major current effort is to match computational simulations of metal deformation/fracturing behaviors with experimental measurements made over extended ranges of microstructures and over varying external conditions of stress-state, temperature and loading rate. The relation of such simulations to the development of constitutive equations for a hoped-for predictive description of material deformation/fracturing behaviors is an active topic of research. The present collection of articles provides a broad sampling of research accomplishments on the two subjects.

Research & information: general --- dislocation mechanics --- yield strength --- grain size --- thermal activation --- strain rate --- impact tests --- brittleness transition --- fracturing --- crack size --- fracture mechanics --- Hall-Petch equation --- Griffith equation --- size effect --- mechanical strength --- pearlitic steels --- suspension bridge cables --- dislocation microstructure --- fractal analysis --- plasticity --- representative volume element --- dislocation structure --- dislocation correlations --- dislocation avalanches --- nanotwin --- nanograin --- Au–Cu alloy --- micro-compression --- Cu-Zr --- ECAP --- deformation --- quasi-stationary --- subgrains --- grains --- coarsening --- Cu–Zr --- ultrafine-grained material --- dynamic recovery --- transient --- load change tests --- Charpy impact test --- GMAW --- additive manufacturing --- secondary cracks --- anisotropy --- linear flow splitting --- crystal plasticity --- DAMASK --- texture --- EBSD --- crack tip dislocations --- TEM --- grain rotation --- fatigue --- dislocation configurations --- residual stress --- indentation --- serration --- temperature --- dislocation --- artificial aging --- solid solution --- loading curvature --- aluminum alloy --- holistic approach --- dislocation group dynamics --- dynamic factor --- dislocation pile-up --- yield stress --- dislocation creep --- fatigue crack growth rate --- dislocation mechanics --- yield strength --- grain size --- thermal activation --- strain rate --- impact tests --- brittleness transition --- fracturing --- crack size --- fracture mechanics --- Hall-Petch equation --- Griffith equation --- size effect --- mechanical strength --- pearlitic steels --- suspension bridge cables --- dislocation microstructure --- fractal analysis --- plasticity --- representative volume element --- dislocation structure --- dislocation correlations --- dislocation avalanches --- nanotwin --- nanograin --- Au–Cu alloy --- micro-compression --- Cu-Zr --- ECAP --- deformation --- quasi-stationary --- subgrains --- grains --- coarsening --- Cu–Zr --- ultrafine-grained material --- dynamic recovery --- transient --- load change tests --- Charpy impact test --- GMAW --- additive manufacturing --- secondary cracks --- anisotropy --- linear flow splitting --- crystal plasticity --- DAMASK --- texture --- EBSD --- crack tip dislocations --- TEM --- grain rotation --- fatigue --- dislocation configurations --- residual stress --- indentation --- serration --- temperature --- dislocation --- artificial aging --- solid solution --- loading curvature --- aluminum alloy --- holistic approach --- dislocation group dynamics --- dynamic factor --- dislocation pile-up --- yield stress --- dislocation creep --- fatigue crack growth rate