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This volume explores the question of why languages - even those spoken in the same geographical area by people who share similar social structures, occupations, and religious beliefs - differ in the meanings expressed by their grammatical systems. Zygmunt Frajzyngier and Marielle Butters outline a new methodology to explore these differences, and to discover the motivations behind the emergence of meanings. The motivations that they identify include: thecommunicative need triggered when the grammatical system inherently produces ambiguities; the principle of functional transparency; the opportunistic emergence of meaning, whereby unoccupied formal niches acquire a new function; metonymic emergence, whereby a property of an existing function receives a formalmeans of its own, thus creating a new function; and the emergence of functions through language contact. The book offers new analyses of a range of phenomena across different languages, such as benefactives and progressives in English, and point of view of the subject and goal orientation in Chadic languages. It also draws on a wealth of data from other languages including French, Spanish, Polish, Russian, and a variety of less familiar Sino-Russian idiolects.
Grammar, Comparative and general --- Closed-class words (Grammar) --- Empty words (Grammar) --- Form words (Grammar) --- Function words (Grammar) --- Functors (Grammar) --- Grammatical words (Grammar) --- Structural words (Grammar) --- Function words. --- Closed-class words --- Empty words --- Form words --- Functors --- Grammatical words --- Structural words --- Function words --- E-books --- Grammar --- Comparative linguistics --- Linguistics --- Philology
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Long, long before the Information Age ended, young Hildegard of Bingen finds beauty in the moral and spiritual ruins of her medieval world. In her forty-third year, she inscribes her cosmic visions into Scivias, an indescribably beautiful codex of writing and illuminations thought to be destroyed during the evacuation of Earth.In a sea cave with cracked amethyst walls on Avaaz, Pinky Agarwalia discovers fragments of this visionary text containing hitherto unknown pathways to a lost vision of human co-existence with plants and non-humans - and the seeds of its rebirth on Avaaz.Bursting with mythic quantum energy, Hildegard's vital linguistic potion viriditas, threaded throughout her communiques, is a lush, verdant, renewable life-force. Her ecological message may be just the magic needed for rebirth on Avaaz.Hildegard's mystic toolkit for the future includes a cosmology, medicine, a morphology of crystals, recipes - and the symbols of a new language.
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The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages provides a comprehensive account of the Transeurasian languages, and is the first major reference work in the field since 1965. The term 'Transeurasian' refers to a large group of geographically adjacent languages that includes five uncontroversial linguistic families: Japonic, Koreanic, Tungusic, Mongolic, and Turkic. The historical connection between these languages, however, constitutes one of the mostdebated issues in historical comparative linguistics. In the present book, a team of leading international scholars in the field take a balanced approach to this controversy, integrating different theoretical frameworks, combining both functional and formal linguistics, and showing that genealogical and arealapproaches are in fact compatible with one another.The volume is divided into five parts. Part I deals with the historical sources and periodization of the Transeurasian languages and their classification and typology. In Part II, chapters provide individual structural overviews of the Transeurasian languages and the linguistic subgroups that they belong to, while Part III explores Transeurasian phonology, morphology, syntax, lexis, and semantics from a comparative perspective. Part IV offers a range of areal and genealogical explanations forthe correlations observed in the preceding parts. Finally, Part V combines archaeological, genetic, and anthropological perspectives on the identity of speakers of Transeurasian languages. The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages will be an indispensable resource for specialists in Japonic,Koreanic, Tungusic, Mongolic, and Turkic languages and for anyone with an interest in Transeurasian and comparative linguistics more broadly.
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Drawing on detailed case studies across a range of languages, including English, German, Dutch, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Czech, Russian, Lithuanian and Greek, this book examines the different factors that determine the outcome of the interaction between borrowing and word formation.
Language and languages --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Derivational morphology --- Word formation --- International words --- Loan words --- Loanwords --- Foreign words and phrases. --- Word formation. --- Derivation --- Morphology --- Foreign elements --- Linguistics --- Philology --- Foreign words and phrases
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Arabic language --- Syntax. --- Sentences. --- Function words. --- Qurʼan --- Language, style.
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Why do people take offence at things that are said? What is it exactly about the offending utterance which causes this negative reaction? How well motivated are these responses? Offensive Language addresses these questions by applying an array of concepts from linguistic pragmatics and sociolinguistics to a wide range of examples, from TV to Twitter and from Mel Gibson to Donald Trump. Establishing a sharp distinction between potential offence and actual offence, Jim O'Driscoll then examines a series of case studies where offence has been caused, assessing the nature and degree of both the offence and the documented response to it in. Through close linguistic analysis, this book explores the fine line between free speech and criminal activity, searching for a principle way to distinguish the merely embarrassing from the reprehensible and the censurable. In this way, a new approach to offensive language emerges, involving both how we study it and also how it might be handled in public life.
Sociolinguistics --- Taboo, Linguistic --- Politeness (Linguistics) --- Obscene words --- Linguistics --- English language Obscene words --- English language --- Linguistic taboo --- Ineffable, The --- Taboo --- Slang
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Art --- installations [visual works] --- poetry --- Minimal --- words [layout features] --- texts [documents] --- graphic arts
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"This volume opens up new perspectives on Babylonian and Assyrian literature, through the lens of a pivotal passage in the Gilgamesh Flood story. It shows how, using a nine-line message where not all was as it seemed, the god Ea inveigled humans into building the Ark. The volume argues that Ea used a 'bitextual' message: one which can be understood in different ways that sound the same. His message thus emerges as an ambivalent oracle in the tradition of 'folktale prophecy'. The argument is supported by interlocking investigations of lexicography, divination, diet, figurines, social history, and religion. There are also extended discussions of Babylonian word play and ancient literary interpretation. Besides arguing for Ea's duplicity, the book explores its implications - for narrative sophistication in Gilgamesh, for audiences and performance of the poem, and for the relation of the Gilgamesh Flood story to the versions in Atra-hasis, the Hellenistic historian Berossos, and the Biblical Book of Genesis. Ea's Duplicity in the Gilgamesh Flood Story will interest Assyriologists, Hebrew Bible scholars and Classicists, but also students and researchers in all areas concerned with Gilgamesh, word play, oracles, and traditions about the Flood"--
Epic poetry, Assyro-Babylonian --- Deluge. --- Plays on words. --- Epic poetry, Assyro-Babylonian. --- History and criticism. --- Gilgamesh.
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