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"Nourrir les hommes, répondre à leurs besoins énergétiques et préserver l'environnement : ce sont les grands enjeux du monde d'aujourd'hui et de demain. - Grands métaux industriels, hydrocarbures, métaux rares, produits agricoles, bois et même eau douce : toutes ces matières premières sont devenues des biens qui s'échangent dans le monde entier. - Quels choix stratégiques opérer dans un contexte d'épuisement des ressources et d'instabilité des marchés ? - Acteurs, enjeux socio-économiques et environnementaux : comment mettre en place une économie des matières premières réellement durable et solidaire. Les 100 cartes et infographies, entièrement mises à jour pour cette nouvelle édition, nourrissent la réflexion face au défi d'une gestion raisonnée de ces matières premières." -- [4e de couverture]

Raw materials --- Natural resources --- Transition énergétique --- Politique énergétique --- Ressources énergétiques --- Matières premières --- Ressources naturelles --- Agriculture --- Raw materials - Maps --- Natural resources - Maps

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Raw materials are the base of the economy and indispensable for further development. However, some have precarious supply chains and are often classified as critical. The correct identification of these critical raw materials (CRM) is key for the pursuit of a more sustainable society. This work focuses on niobium; a material commonly identified as critical. An overview of the current state of its value chain is given and its main challenges are commented. In addition, a product that contains niobium is presented and a comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is performed on it. One of the goals of performing this LCA is to take into account the criticality of the product and see how that affects the results while focusing on niobium’s contribution. To do so this work also covers the Life Cycle Assessment methodology and presents its relationship with criticality assessment, addressing the main research gaps and showing the potential synergies. The methodology introduced by Koch et al. (2019) is explained and applied in the conducted LCA. Additionally, the concept of criticality is introduced and analysed. The limitation of its current assessments methodologies are exposed and possible improvements are suggested. Especial attention is given to the method proposed by the European Commission.

Niobium --- Critical raw materials --- Life cycle assessment --- Criticality assessment --- LCA --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Science des matériaux & ingénierie

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A bracing corrective to the myths that have shaped economic, military, and diplomatic policy, dispelling our oil-soaked fantasies of dependence. There is a conventional wisdom about oil—that the U.S. military presence in the Persian Gulf is what guarantees access to this strategic resource; that the "special" relationship with Saudi Arabia is necessary to stabilize an otherwise volatile market; and that these assumptions in turn provide Washington enormous leverage over Europe and Asia. Except, the conventional wisdom is wrong. Robert Vitalis debunks the myths to reveal "oilcraft," a line of magical thinking closer to witchcraft than statecraft. Oil is a commodity like any other: bought, sold, and subject to market forces. Thus, the first goal of this book is to expose the suspect fears of oil scarcity and conflict. The second goal is to investigate the significant geopolitical impact of these false beliefs. In particular, Vitalis shows how we can reconsider the question of the U.S.–Saudi special relationship, which confuses and traps many into unnecessarily accepting what they imagine is a devil's bargain. The House of Saud does many things for U.S. investors, firms, and government agencies, but guaranteeing the flow of oil, making it cheap, or stabilizing the price isn't one of them. Freeing ourselves from the spell of oilcraft won't be easy—but the benefits make it essential.

Petroleum industry and trade --- Energy industries --- Oil industries --- Political aspects --- Cold War. --- Middle East. --- Persian Gulf. --- Petroleum. --- Saudi Arabia. --- foreign policy. --- imperialism. --- primacy. --- racism. --- raw materials. --- United States --- Persian Gulf Region --- Foreign relations --- Strategic aspects.

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Christian Knittl-Frank reports on the development of a novel synthetic route to the naturally occurring polyhydroxylated oleanane, hederagonic acid. Polyhydroxylated oleananes are a vast family of naturally occurring triterpenoids with versatile biological activities. A low commercial availability combined with high prices make these molecules interesting targets in natural product synthesis. The developed synthetic approach starts from oleanolic acid, a cheap material that is commercially available in bulk quantities. It features several multi-step one-pot reactions, allowing a minimization of the number of steps and reducing the preparative effort. Importantly, catalytic C–H functionalization was achieved at unusually low temperatures. Hederagonic acid was thus prepared in as little as four steps, resulting in the shortest semisynthesis of this oleanane to date. Contents Hederagonic Acid and C−H Activation; Optimization of the Synthetic Sequence Final Synthetic Route to Hederagonic Acid Experimental Section Target Groups Scientists and students in the field of organic chemistry, especially natural product synthesis The Author Christian Knittl-Frank is currently pursuing his PhD studies, focusing on natural product synthesis and synthetic methodology, at the Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria. He is part of the MolTag doctoral program that aims to development new molecular drugs targeting ion channels. .

Organic chemistry. --- Catalysis. --- Chemistry. --- Bioorganic chemistry. --- Organic Chemistry. --- Chemistry/Food Science, general. --- Bioorganic Chemistry. --- Bio-organic chemistry --- Biological organic chemistry --- Biochemistry --- Chemistry, Organic --- Physical sciences --- Activation (Chemistry) --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Surface chemistry --- Organic chemistry --- Chemistry --- Natural products --- Synthesis. --- Products, Natural --- Raw materials

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GATT Dispute Settlement Reports compiles all dispute settlement reports issued under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT 1947), including its Tokyo Round plurilateral codes, from 1948 to 1995. This compilation includes both adopted and unadopted reports.The GATT documents containing the reports are reproduced in English in their original form and without any modifications. They are presented in chronological order based on the initiation date of the dispute, with each case identified by a unique GATT dispute (GD) number. A cover page for each dispute provides the report's adoption status, the date it was issued and any GATT or WTO disputes directly related to the dispute in question. At the end of each volume, there is a list of all GATT dispute settlement reports contained within the series, with references to the relevant volume and page numbers.

Foreign trade regulation --- Tariff --- Competition, Unfair --- Law and legislation --- Competition --- Competition law --- Fair trade --- Unfair competition --- Unfair trade practices --- Commercial crimes --- Commercial law --- Industrial property --- Torts --- Advertising laws --- Ad valorem tariff --- Border taxes --- Customs (Tariff) --- Customs duties --- Duties --- Fees, Import --- Import controls --- Import fees --- Tariff on raw materials --- Commercial policy --- Indirect taxation --- Revenue --- Customs administration --- Favored nation clause --- Non-tariff trade barriers --- Reciprocity (Commerce)