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Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) are a large family of enzymes that function as signal transducers to regulate a diverse range of physiological responses. However, signaling via extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun amino terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 MAPK also underpin many disease processes. This Special Issue provides new insights into how MAPK signaling contributes to specific pathological processes across a range of conditions, including disorders of lung development, type 2 diabetes, proliferative skin diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological diseases.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Rabdosia inflexa --- inflammation --- gastric ulcer --- cytokines --- MAPK --- NF-κB --- extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 --- hyperoxia --- bronchopulmonary dysplasia --- HPAECs --- angiogenesis --- cell cycle --- SIRT1 --- oxidative stress --- psoriasis --- antimicrobial peptide --- cecropin A --- tight junction protein --- MEK/ERK signaling --- porcine intestinal epithelial cell --- extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) --- Kv4.2 --- PC12 cells --- infantile myofibromatosis --- receptor tyrosine kinases --- platelet-derived growth factor receptor --- protein kinase inhibitors --- sunitinib --- erlotinib --- FR180204 --- U0126 --- targeted therapy --- apoptosis --- ERK1/2 --- JNKs --- mitochondrial dysfunction --- neurodegeneration --- neuro-inflammation --- p38 MAPKs --- Parkinson’s disease --- mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) --- MAPK kinetics --- osteoclast differentiation --- bone remodeling --- DAPK --- ERK --- p38 --- JNK --- mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway (MAPK pathway) --- protein tyrosine phosphatase interacting protein 51 (PTPIP51) --- protein-protein interaction (PPI) --- cancer signaling --- SR --- CR --- Compatibility --- T2DM --- metabolic profiling --- MAPK/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway --- reactive oxygen species --- PTPN6 --- SRC --- DOK4 --- MKK4 --- MKK7 --- p53 --- DUSP1 --- SIRT2 --- atherosclerosis --- aortic valve sclerosis --- aortic valve stenosis --- naphthalimide-metal complex conjugates --- N-heterocyclic carbene --- mitochondria --- ROS --- p38 MAPK --- cancer --- FGF-induced signaling --- FRS2 --- phosphorylation --- downregulation --- n/a --- Parkinson's disease

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Supporting initiation, development and resolution of appropriate immune responses is key to survival. Many nutrients and dietary components have been purported to have a role in supporting optimal immune function. This is vital throughout the life course, from the development and programming of the immune system in early life, to supporting immunity and reducing chronic inflammation in older people. In this special issue of Nutrients, we examine the evidence for the role of diet and dietary components in promoting protective immunity.

immunonutrition --- supplementation --- superoxide dismutase (SOD) --- fermented milk --- selenocysteine --- dendritic cells --- lipoxygenase (LOX) --- chronic inflammatory conditions --- formulation --- immune system --- cytokines --- skeletal muscle --- zinc --- non-digestible carbohydrates --- Toll-like receptor --- carbohydrates --- fiber --- lymphocytes --- antibody --- infants --- liver --- macrophage --- inflammatory process --- probiotic --- plant --- older people --- gut barrier --- infection --- amino acids --- gut --- T helper 1 (Th1) --- immunity --- T cells --- bioactive peptide --- inhibitor of kappa kinase (IKK) --- inflammation --- adhesion molecules --- leukocytes --- human milk oligosaccharides --- vitamin D --- food structure --- vitamin E --- mitogen-activated protein Kinase (MAPK) --- gut microbiota --- weaning --- homeostasis --- intestinal immune system --- extra-cellular signal regulated kinases (ERK) --- cyclooxygenase (COX) --- oxidative stress --- life course --- polyphenols --- oligosaccharides --- micronutrients --- Th17 --- obesity --- tolerance --- arachidonic acid --- growth factors --- anti-inflammation --- age-related immunity --- prebiotic --- biomarker --- microbiome --- functional foods --- immunosenescence --- nutrition --- molecular mechanisms --- metabolism --- macronutrients --- toll-like receptor 4 --- sepsis --- nutrition guidelines --- microbiota --- immunomodulation --- inflammatory markers --- elderly --- Th1/Th17 response --- adults --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- anorexia nervosa --- macrophages --- autoimmune diseases --- fatty acids --- T cell --- Treg --- breast milk --- nitric oxide synthase (NOS) --- chemokines --- anti-tumorigenic --- metabolites --- deficiency --- protein hydrolysate --- nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-?B) --- cancer

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Health is defined as “the state of the organism when it functions optimally without evidence of disease”. Surprisingly, the words “microbes” or “microorganism” are missing in this definition. The regulation of gut microbiota is mediated by an enormous quantity of aspects, such as microbiological factors, host characteristics, diet patterns, and environmental variables. Some protective, structural, and metabolic functions have been reported for gut microbiota, and these functions are related to the regulation of homeostasis and host health. Host defense against pathogens is, in part, mediated through gut microbiota action and requires intimate interpretation of the current microenvironment and discrimination between commensal and occasional bacteria. The present Special Issue provides a summary of the progress on the topic of intestinal microbiota and its important role in human health in different populations. This Special Issue will be of great interest from a clinical and public health perspective. Nevertheless, more studies with more samples and comparable methods are necessary to understand the actual function of intestinal microbiota in disease development and health maintenance.

sperm quality --- probiotics --- zebrafish --- motility --- behavior --- intestinal microbiota --- intestinal Bacteroides --- cardiorespiratory fitness --- trunk muscle training --- aerobic exercise training --- brisk walking --- nutrients --- gut microbiota --- nutrition --- habitual diets --- Western diet --- obesity --- cardiometabolic risk factors --- chronic health conditions --- gastrointestinal disorders --- prebiotics and probiotics --- metabolic syndrome --- gastrointestinal microbiome --- Lactobacillus reuteri V3401 --- sugar alcohol --- prebiotic --- bowel function --- immune function --- respiratory tract infections --- otitis media --- sinusitis --- weight management --- satiety --- bone health --- AMP-activated protein kinase --- butyrate --- developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) --- high fat diet --- hypertension --- nutrient-sensing signals --- propionate --- short chain fatty acids --- kefir --- autism spectrum disorders --- oral microbiota --- dysbiosis --- co-occurring conditions --- allergy --- abdominal pain --- biomarker discovery --- anorexia --- food restriction --- ClpB --- microbiota --- Enterobacteriaceae --- inulin --- circadian rhythm --- feeding timing --- choline --- trimethylamine --- trimethylamine n-oxide --- 16S rRNA gene profiling --- qPCR --- linear mixed models --- soy protein --- lipid metabolism --- circadian --- chrono-nutrition --- microbiome --- pregnancy --- fetus --- placenta --- newborn --- infancy --- critical illness --- sepsis --- lipid metabolome --- amlodipine --- corticosterone --- ACTH --- gut bacteriome --- ischemia-reperfusion injury --- nutritional status --- supplemented nutrition --- partial hepatectomy --- liver transplantation --- vaginal microbiome --- bacterial communities --- vaginal dysbiosis --- bacterial vaginosis --- risk factors --- hormone replacement therapy --- cardiovascular diseases --- atherosclerosis --- prebiotics --- alanine aminotransferase --- antibiotic --- Optifast --- gut microbiome --- metronidazole --- nonnutritive sweeteners --- sweetening agents --- n/a

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Cancer is one of the major causes of death worldwide. It is a multifactorial heterogeneous disease characterized by the transformation of normal cells into malignant cells, which acquire an uncontrolled growth, immortality, invasiveness, and ability to form distant metastasis. Natural bioactive molecules may interfere with these processes and inhibit the carcinogenesis process. In this book, new molecules and extracts, mainly derived from plants, have been described as being able to alter tumor cell behavior and target several abnormal molecular pathways in cancer cells. Among different cancer cells, the more studied include those derived from glioblastoma, osteosarcoma, lung, breast and gastric cancer. These natural products could be an attractive source for the development of new preventative and therapeutic agents against cancer. They may be more selective and have weaker adverse effects compared to conventional chemotherapy drugs that are actually used for cancer treatment. Clinical trials are necessary to demonstrate whether the in vitro and in vivo animal data are reproduced in humans before the application of natural products in cancer prevention and treatment.

cytotoxic activity --- NCI-60 cancer cell line --- pristimerin --- Salacia crassifolia --- Celastraceae --- Brazilian Cerrado biome --- Salacia elliptica --- Cheiloclinium cognatum --- Plenckia populnea --- Aspergillus fumigatus --- Cordyceps sinensis --- isochromanes --- chiral resolution --- ECD calculation --- cytotoxicity --- coronarin D --- JNK --- osteosarcoma --- Zeylenone --- gastric cancer --- invasion --- migration --- apoptosis --- anti-cancer agents --- anthraquinones --- glycosyltransferase --- Dendrobium officinale --- structure elucidation --- anti-tumor activity --- plantation mode --- AR --- Ganoderma tsugae --- lipogenesis --- prostate cancer --- SREBP-1 --- ursolic acid --- betulinic acid --- triterpenoids --- necrotic --- quercetin --- quercetagetin --- patuletin --- lichen --- secondary metabolites --- tumidulin --- stemness potential --- colorectal cancer cells --- oncogene --- transcriptional regulation --- neferine --- FAK/S6K1 --- autophagy --- human neuroblastoma cells --- natural yellow Monascus pigments --- water-soluble --- antioxidation --- MCF-7 cells --- phloretin --- cell proliferation --- inflammation --- glucose uptake --- Catalpa speciosa --- Taxus cuspidata --- Magnolia acuminata --- phenols --- antioxidants --- anticancer --- Colocasia esculenta --- food bioactive --- tarin --- stable nanocapsules --- entrapment efficiency --- no-toxicity --- preclinical tests --- antitumoral activity --- chemotherapeutic adjuvant --- grape leaves --- ASE --- TP --- Antioxidant activities --- Antiproliferative --- pro-apoptotic effects --- Gene expression --- Nutraceuticals --- Cucurbitacin B --- gefitinib-resistant NSCLC --- EGFR --- lysosomal degradation --- CIP2A --- zerumbone --- cancer --- NF-κB --- IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 --- Akt --- FOXO1 --- multiple myeloma --- quality control --- naringenin --- flavonoids --- traditional preparation --- cancer stem cells --- phytochemicals --- plant-derived foods --- fruit --- vegetable --- cell signaling --- Artemisia absinthium --- endoplasmic reticulum stress --- mitochondrial-dependent pathway --- melanoma --- bee venom --- melittin --- temozolomide --- AKT --- MAPK --- antrodin C --- mTOR --- metabolic stability --- capsazepine --- inflammatory diseases --- ROS --- TRPV1 --- PI3K/AKT/mTOR --- CLE-10 --- LC3 --- MDA-MB-231 --- lactoferrin hydrolysate --- copper --- manganese --- gastric cancer cells --- anti-cancer activity --- molecular mechanism --- natural product alkaloids --- cephalotaxine --- protein synthesis inhibition --- antiproliferation agents --- folk medicine --- DLD-1 cells --- doxorubicin --- chemotherapy --- drug resistance --- CrataBL --- glioblastoma --- mesenchymal stem cells --- microenvironment --- plant lectin --- protease inhibitor --- cryptolepine --- neocryptolepine --- isocryptolepine --- antiproliferative activity --- structure activity relationships --- Licochalcone A --- ATM-Chk2 --- 13-ethylberberine --- mitochondrial ROS --- RT-R breast cancer cells --- diallyl disulfide --- PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway --- Pulsatilla saponin D --- SB365 --- glioblastoma multiforme --- autophagic flux inhibition --- lysosomal membrane permeabilization --- mitochondrial membrane potential --- CLEFMA --- p38 --- proanthocyanins --- TNF-α --- lung adenocarcinoma --- natural compounds --- cervical cancer --- cell cycle arrest --- dicentrine --- metastasis --- glioma --- semi-synthetic derivative --- ingenol --- Euphorbia tirucalli --- protein kinase C --- seaweed --- porphyran --- carrageenan --- anti-cancer --- natural products --- n/a

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For a long time, the tight junction (TJ) was known to form and regulate the paracellular barrier between epithelia and endothelial cell sheets. Starting shortly after the discovery of the proteins forming the TJ—mainly the two families of claudins and TAMPs—several other functions have been discovered, a striking one being the surprising finding that some claudins form paracellular channels for small ions and/or water. This Special Issue includes 43 articles covering numerous dedicated topics including pathogens affecting the TJ barrier, TJ regulation via immune cells, the TJ as a therapeutic target, TJ and cell polarity, function and regulation by proteins of the tricellular TJ, TJ as a regulator of cellular processes, organ- and tissue-specific functions, TJ as sensors and reacting to environmental conditions, and last but not least, TJ proteins and cancer.

Medicine --- tissue barrier --- tight junction --- claudins --- tricellulin --- tight junctions --- organ preservation --- intestine --- transplantation --- ischemia --- intestinal mucosa --- lung --- epithelia --- interleukin 13 --- UBE2Z --- ubiquitin --- osmolality --- hydrostatic pressure --- cancer --- sensor --- tricellular tight junctions --- endometrial cancer --- epithelial barrier dysfunction --- Claudin-7 --- permeability --- WNK4 --- epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), collecting duct cells --- claudin-1 --- hydrogen peroxide --- phosphorylation --- claudin --- angulin --- drug development --- angubindin-1 --- Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin --- Clostridium perfringens iota-toxin --- antibody --- Mz-ChA-1 cells --- biliary epithelial cells --- phosphatidylcholine --- mucus --- paracellular transport --- atopic dermatitis --- cytokines --- STAT3 --- ZO-2 --- cholestasis --- gene transcription --- hypertrophy --- tumor suppressor --- NLS --- NES --- CaSR --- RhoA --- barrier function --- paracellular permeability --- antidiuretic hormone --- Claudin-14 --- CLDN14 --- hearing loss --- vestibular function --- cochlear implantation --- Hepatitis C Virus --- viral entry --- epidermal barrier --- reconstructed human epidermis --- claudin targeting --- Campylobacter jejuni --- curcumin --- apoptosis --- co-culture --- mouse colon --- TNF --- NFκB --- lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor (LSR) --- epithelial barrier --- cell–cell contact --- caspase --- kidney stones --- ion reabsorption --- quercetin --- brain barriers --- blood-brain barrier --- neurovascular unit --- blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier --- arachnoid barrier --- glia limitans --- adherens junctions --- paracellular sodium transport --- thick ascending limb --- nephropathy --- HELIX syndrome --- hypokalemia --- hypermagnesemia --- anhidrosis --- gland dysfunction --- aging --- blood–brain barrier --- mutations --- kidney --- liver --- skin --- human --- mice --- disease --- in silico --- drug discovery --- membrane proteins --- protein interactions --- molecular dynamics --- antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis --- Klebsiella oxytoca --- tight junction assembly --- monocytes --- celiac disease --- claudin-2 --- epithelium --- inflammation --- fibrosis --- proliferation --- migration --- tricellular tight junction --- paracellular water transport --- tight epithelium --- MDCK C7 cells --- cell growth --- endothelia --- adherens junction --- apical junctional complex --- AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) --- paracellular barrier --- protein structure --- protein domain --- occludin --- junctional adhesion molecule --- zonula occludens --- MAGUK proteins --- PDZ domain --- stem cell --- chemoresistance --- retinal pigment epithelium --- retinopathy --- barrier formation --- collecting duct --- claudin-5 --- neuropathic pain --- nerve injury --- dorsal root ganglion --- enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) --- tight junctions (TJ) --- polarity --- atypical aPKCζ --- transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) --- sorting nexin 9 (SNX9) --- EspF --- claudin 1 --- tumor --- metastasis --- epithelial to mesenchymal transition --- cerebral cavernous malformation --- endothelial barrier --- Rho --- ROCK --- MEKK3 --- ion transport --- ion channel --- super-resolution microscopy --- structured illumination microscopy --- stimulated emission depletion --- single molecule localization microscopy --- Claudin --- blood-biliary barrier --- chronic liver disease --- hepatocellular carcinoma --- cholangiocellular carcinoma --- NISCH syndrome --- repair --- NHE2 --- ClC-2 --- inflammatory bowel disease --- mucosal immunology --- ZO-1 --- actomyosin --- aquaporin --- drinking rate --- epithelial fluid transport --- enterocyte --- osmoregulation --- paracellular --- proximal tubule --- calcium permeability --- claudin-12 --- paracellular channels and barriers --- cell polarity --- pathogens --- immune cells --- environmental sensors