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Le présent travail a été effectué dans l’optique d’analyser les impacts des pratiques de gestion des eaux usées ménagères sur l’environnement au Rwanda. L’étude a été effectuée dans la ville de Kigali, district de Gasabo et plus précisément dans le secteur de Gatsata. La méthodologie appliquée était axée sur la collecte de données à travers l’enquête par questionnaire, les observations, les entretiens et la recherche documentaire. La taille de l’échantillon de l’enquête était de 156 ménages et le logiciel SPSS et ArcGIS ont été utilisés pour analyser les résultats de l’enquête-ménage et l’élaboration des cartes respectivement. 
L'étude a montré qu'il existe une dégradation de l'environnement liée au développement de l’habitat spontané et de l’habitat isolé en raison d'absence de pratiques de gestion des eaux usées ménagères où la pollution de l’eau et la pollution de l'air sont les deux impacts négatifs importants sur l'environnement. Sur 156 ménages enquêtés 21,2% ménages tous résidants dans un habitat isolé et spontané n’ont pas d’ouvrages de collecte des eaux grises par conséquent 9,1% de ces derniers déversent les eaux usées ménagères directement dans les cours d’eau, 63,6% dans les caniveaux, 18,2% dans les parcelles alors que 9,1% déversent les eaux usées ménagères dans les WC. Tous les ménages du type habitat groupé et planifié utilisent les puits perdus comme ouvrage de collecte des eaux usées ménagères alors que les fosses traditionnelles sont utilisées par les ménages isolés et spontanés.
A ce qui concerne l’efficacité de ces pratiques, l’étude a révélé que parmi 123 ménages disposant des ouvrages de collecte des eaux grises, 4,88% des ouvrages collectent seulement les eaux de douches, 23,58% collectent seulement les eaux de cuisines et de lessives alors que 71,54% collectent les deux. Une proportion de 83,7% de ces ouvrages sont couverts alors que 16,3% ne le sont pas. 
Cette étude a aussi montré les impacts sanitaires et la contamination des eaux souterraines causés par ces pratiques de gestion des eaux usées ménagères.
Face à cette problématique, la mise en place d’un système d’assainissement collectif facile à mettre en œuvre dans un pays en développement comme les bassins de lagunage naturels et le respect du plan directeur de Kigali pourraient limiter les impacts des eaux grises sur l’environnement. This work was carried out in the context of analyzing the impacts of the practices used in the household wastewater management on the environment in Rwanda. The study was carried out in Kigali city, Gasabo district and more specifically in Gatsata sector. The methodology applied focused on data collection through the questionnaire survey, interviews, observations and documentary research. The sample size of the survey was 156 households and SPSS and ArcGIS software were used to analyze the results of the household survey and map drawing respectively.
The study showed that there is serious environmental degradation in spontaneous housing and isolated housing due to the lack of household wastewater management practices where water pollution and air pollution are the two significant negative impacts on the environment. Out of 156 households surveyed, 21.2% households all residing in the type of isolated and spontaneous housing do not have a grey water collection structure, therefore 9.1% of the latter discharge household wastewater directly into the watercourse, 63.6% in the street gutters, and 18.2% in the plots while 9.1% discharge household wastewater into the toilets. All the households of the type of clustered settlement and planned housing use dry well as a collection structure of grey water, while the traditional pits are used in isolated and spontaneous housing.
Regarding the effectiveness of these practices, the study revealed that out of 123 households with grey water collection structures, 4.88% of the structures collect only water from the baths, 23.58% collect only kitchen and laundry water while 71.54% collect both. A proportion of 83.7% of these structures are covered while 16.3% are not.
The study also showed that there are healthy impacts and groundwater contamination caused by these household wastewater management practices.
To face that problem, the establishment of a collective sanitation system easy to implement in a developing country such as natural lagoon basins and compliance with the Kigali master plan could limit the impacts of grey water on the environment

Household wastewater, --- grey water collection structure --- traditional pit --- dry well --- Eaux usées ménagères --- ouvrage de collecte des eaux grises --- fosse traditionnelle --- puits perdu --- Sciences du vivant > Sciences de l'environnement & écologie

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This book covers all the essential aspects of breast imaging necessary for the preparation of MMed, MD, FRCR and FRANZCR exams. The main focus is on mammogram and breast ultrasound along with basics of breast MRI and breast interventions. With the increasing popularity of these qualifying exams among radiology residents in Asia, Great Britain as well as Australia and dearth of relevant resources on the topic, this book will serve as a valuable resource for the candidates. The book is also aligned with preparations required for the FRCPC (Canada) and the American Board of Radiology. The book is divided into two sections - first section includes chapters on basics of breast imaging along with a chapter on emerging technologies while the second section includes 50 exam-relevant cases covering imaging findings utilizing appropriate BI-RADS lexicon, possible differentials, next recommended investigation and appropriate management in accordance with American College of Radiology lexicon, BI-RADS system and MRI correlation, whenever available. Readers also get familiar with the indications for breast MRI. The book is written by experts in breast imaging with relevant teaching experience. Written by an experts with strong teaching experience, this book is not only suitable for exams but is also useful for practicing breast and non-breast radiologists as well as breast care clinicians, keen to learn fundamentals of breast imaging.

Breast --- Imaging. --- Breasts --- Radiology. --- Imaging / Radiology. --- Radiological physics --- Physics --- Radiation --- Mama --- Mamografia --- Ecografia --- Diagnòstic per la imatge --- Diagnòstic per imatge --- Diagnòstic per imatgeria --- Imatgeria per al diagnòstic --- Imatges diagnòstiques --- Imatges per al diagnòstic --- Diagnòstic --- Imatges mèdiques --- Diagnòstic radiològic --- Endoscòpia --- Gammagrafia --- Imatges per ressonància magnètica --- Termografia mèdica --- Tomografia per emissió de positrons --- Substàncies de contrast --- Diagnòstic per ultrasons --- Ecodiagnòstic --- Ecotomografia --- Ecotomografia computeritzada --- Radiografia ultrasònica --- Sonografia --- Sonografia en diagnosi --- Tomografia ultrasònica --- Ultrasonografia --- Ultrasonons en diagnosi --- Ultrasons en medicina --- Ecocardiografia --- Ecoencefalografia --- Ecoendoscòpia --- Ecografia abdominal --- Ecografia Doppler --- Ecografia ginecològica --- Ecografia obstètrica --- Ecografia oftalmològica --- Ecografia pediàtrica --- Ecografia fetal --- Mamograma --- Mastografia --- Radiografia de la mama --- Radiografia mèdica --- Mames --- Mamella --- Mamelles --- Pit --- Pits --- Sines --- Glàndules mamàries --- Alletament --- Llet materna

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This book provides an overview of the etiology of coronary artery disease and focuses on the main therapies and drug interventions currently available. It highlights drug pharmacology and therapeutic challenges, with a special emphasis on the underlying principles of available therapeutics and the on-going development of drugs for coronary artery disease. The book is divided into eight chapters, the first of which describes the classical mechanism of coronary artery disease and its clinical presentations. Chapter 2 lists the principles of and related evidence on the prevention and treatment of coronary artery disease. This includes diet and lifestyle management, and guidelines for the treatment of acute coronary syndrome and stable coronary artery disease. In turn, Chapter 3 describes revascularization treatments, covering percutaneous coronary interventions, coronary artery bypass grafts and thrombolysis. This chapter also addresses the main therapeutic challenges. The following chapters provide an overview of three major categories of coronary artery disease drugs, which target thrombosis (Chapter 4), lipid metabolism (Chapter 5), and hypertension (Chapter 6). Heart failure constitutes the major health burden in the late stage of coronary artery disease; accordingly, current heart failure therapeutics and related drug pharmacology are described in Chapter 7. In closing, Chapter 8 provides a summary of on-going clinical trials for coronary artery disease drug development and discusses a number of promising areas in which intensive research into new therapeutics is being pursued. Given its scope, the book will be of interest to clinicians, medical students and research scientists, as well as to pharmaceutical professionals who are seeking new therapies and drugs for coronary artery disease and related disorders.

Pharmacology. --- Cardiology. --- Pharmacotherapy. --- Cardiac surgery. --- Pharmacology/Toxicology. --- Cardiac Surgery. --- Cardiac surgery --- Heart --- Open-heart surgery --- Drug therapy --- Pharmacotherapy --- Therapeutics --- Drugs --- Pharmacology --- Internal medicine --- Drug effects --- Medical pharmacology --- Medical sciences --- Chemicals --- Chemotherapy --- Pharmacy --- Diseases --- Surgery --- Physiological effect --- Coronary heart disease --- Treatment. --- Malalties coronàries --- Quimioteràpia --- Cirurgia cardíaca --- Cirurgia del cor --- Cirurgia cardiovascular --- Cateterisme cardíac --- Derivació cardiopulmonar --- Trasplantament cardíac --- Anestèsia en cardiologia --- Farmacoteràpia --- Immunoquimioteràpia --- Terapèutica medicamentosa --- Terapèutica per agents químics (Medicina) --- Tractament amb medicaments --- Tractament per agents químics (Medicina) --- Us terapèutic dels medicaments --- Terapèutica --- Administració de medicaments --- Antibiòtics --- Diürètics --- Fotoquimioteràpia --- Pirogens --- Psicofarmacologia --- Prescripció de medicaments --- Quimioteràpia del càncer --- Utilització de medicaments --- Farmacologia --- Medicaments --- Arterioesclerosi coronària --- Cardiopatia isquèmica --- Coronariopaties --- Isquèmia miocardíaca --- Malalties de les artèries coronàries --- Malalties cardiovasculars --- Angina de pit --- Infart de miocardi --- Chemotherapy. --- Surgery.

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Concerns have been raised with respect to the state of high-altitude and high-latitude treelines, as they are anticipated to undergo considerable modifications due to global changes, and especially due to climate warming. As high-elevation treelines are temperature-limited vegetation boundaries, they are considered to be sensitive to climate warming. As a consequence, in this future, warmer environment, an upward migration of treelines is expected because low air and root-zone temperatures constrain their regeneration and growth. Despite the ubiquity of climate warming, treeline advancement is not a worldwide phenomenon: some treelines have been advancing rapidly, others have responded sluggishly or have remained stable. This variation in responses is attributed to the potential interaction of a continuum of site-related factors that may lead to the occurrence of locally conditioned temperature patterns. Competition amongst species and below-ground resources have been suggested as additional factors explaining the variability in the movement of treelines. This Special Issue (book) is dedicated to the discussion of treeline responses to changing environmental conditions in different areas around the globe.

n/a --- tree seedling recruitment --- shrubline --- light quality --- higher altitude --- precipitation --- experimental rain exclusion --- Pinus cembra --- Changbai Mountain --- treeline dynamics --- fungal ecology --- thermal continentality --- tree regeneration --- elevational transect --- monitoring --- conifer shrub --- plant water availability --- permafrost --- foehn winds --- treeline --- Holocene --- nitrogen cycling --- carotenoids --- timberline --- 15N natural abundance --- spectrometer --- basal area increment --- palynology --- xylem embolism --- diversity --- elevational treeline --- European Alps --- temperature --- tree line --- winter stress --- photosynthetic pigments --- Pinus sibirica --- westerly winds --- relative air humidity --- ecosystem manipulation --- Larix decidua --- microsite --- polar treeline --- Central Austrian Alps --- Switzerland --- multi-stemmed growth form --- conifers --- forest edge --- history of treeline research --- soil drought --- dendroclimatology --- knowledge engineering --- Rocky Mountains --- apical control --- cloud --- postglacial --- alpine timberline --- space-for-time substitution --- climate change --- expert elicitation --- shoot elongation --- pit aspiration --- climate warming --- climate zone --- alpine treeline --- refilling --- Abies sibirica --- growth trend --- western Montana --- light quantity --- Picea abies --- Mediterranean climate --- forest climatology --- altitude --- environmental stress --- sub-Antarctic --- Erman’s birch --- photoinhibition --- tocopherol --- elevational gradients --- NDVI --- long-term trends --- sap flow --- peat --- tree seedlings --- Southern Ocean --- chlorophyll --- non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) --- drought --- upward advance --- remote sensing data --- Erman's birch