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This handbook presents a wide range of information regarding the technology of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), from the basic physics of light-emitting devices to the applications for organic-light-emitting technologies, such as OLED displays for mobile phones and large-screen televisions and OLED lighting. The remarkable advances in the performance of OLEDs reported these days are mainly due to the improvement of organic material design and the enhancement of light extraction. In the first two chapters of this handbook, device and material design strategies aimed at high-performance OLEDs suitable for low power consumption and highly durable applications are addressed. The latest advancements in molecular design are also discussed, including state-of-the-art “thermally-activated delayed fluorescence” technology, which employs a novel concept to move “forbidden” triplet exciton energy back to a singlet state so that 100% internal quantum efficiency can be achieved. For optimized electrical properties and light emission, OLEDs are normally composed of several layers, each of which plays a different part, such as a hole-injection layer, hole-transport layer, emission layer and electron-transport layer. The design requirements of organic molecules suitable for each layer are discussed. To manufacture OLEDs, several key technologies are being pursued. The most popular method is vacuum evaporation, which is used in nearly all of the OLED products currently on the market. Several technologies that could improve manufacturing yield and lower processing costs, such as inkjet and roll-to-roll printing, have been proposed and are being actively developed. These device fabrication methodologies are discussed and weighed in terms of their advantages and disadvantages. The main applications for OLEDs are displays and lighting. Display designs for active-matrix driving and passive-matrix driving, as well as in-pixel and out-pixel compensation, which eliminates luminous non-uniformity, are discussed, along with an analysis of TFT backplane technologies. The lighting chapter focuses on the principles and advances made in tandem OLEDs comprised of multiple devices in a single stack, which can significantly extend device lifetime. Also, light extraction technology that has boosted OLED efficiency to nearly that of inorganic LEDs is discussed. The subsequent chapter addresses the hot topic of flexible OLED displays and lighting. As the devices are very sensitive to atmospheric moisture, the high-performance barrier films necessary for implementing practical flexible devices are covered. Organic devices were originally thought to be limited by device lifetimes shorter than those of their inorganic counterparts. However, a white OLED device with a lifetime of tens of thousands of hours has already been reported, which is very close to the lifetime of inorganic LEDs. In closing, the latest degradation mechanism studies on OLEDs are presented, revealing both our current understanding of degradation and the challenges that remain for further improving device lifetimes.

Lasers. --- Photonics. --- Optical materials. --- Electronic materials. --- Organic chemistry. --- Physics. --- Electrical engineering. --- Optics, Lasers, Photonics, Optical Devices. --- Optical and Electronic Materials. --- Organic Chemistry. --- Applied and Technical Physics. --- Electrical Engineering.

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This reference work provides a comprehensive and authoritative overview of functional polymers and polymeric materials, ranging from their synthesis and characterization, to properties, actual applications and an outlook on future perspectives. Including over 30 comprehensive review chapters, all written by leading international experts, this reference is also a sound introduction to this exciting field. The book is carefully edited by an international team of experts in the field, ensuring complete coverage of the relevant topics and concise representation. Functional polymers and smart polymeric materials play a decisive role for new innovations in all areas where new materials are needed. Optoelectronics, catalysis, biomaterials, medicine, building materials, water treatment, coatings, and many more applications rely on functional polymers. This work is a major reference for researchers, scientists, and practitioners working in any of these fields, or entering this vibrant research area. Key topics of this reference work include: Polymerization methods and polymer synthesis Characterization and properties of new functional polymers and smart materials Functional polymer composites and blends Applications of functional polymers and smart materials: for electro-optics and optoelectronics, in biology and in medical research, as coatings and adhesives, for gas sensing, in functional membranes for separation or proton conduction and many more.

Polymers  . --- Optical materials. --- Electronic materials. --- Nanochemistry. --- Microwaves. --- Optical engineering. --- Energy harvesting. --- Biomaterials. --- Polymer Sciences. --- Optical and Electronic Materials. --- Microwaves, RF and Optical Engineering. --- Energy Harvesting.

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The utilization of sun light is one of the hottest topics in sustainable energy research. To efficiently convert sun power into a reliable energy – electricity – for consumption and storage, silicon and its derivatives have been widely studied and applied in solar cell systems. This handbook covers the photovoltaics of silicon materials and devices, providing a comprehensive summary of the state of the art of photovoltaic silicon sciences and technologies.  This work is divided into various areas including but not limited to fundamental principles, design methodologies, wafering techniques/fabrications, characterizations, applications, current research trends and challenges.    It offers the most updated and self-explanatory reference to all levels of students and acts as a quick reference to the experts from the fields of chemistry, material science, physics, chemical engineering, electrical engineering, solar energy, etc.

Optical materials. --- Electronic materials. --- Renewable energy resources. --- Energy systems. --- Semiconductors. --- Optical and Electronic Materials. --- Renewable and Green Energy. --- Energy Systems. --- Semiconductors.

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Designed to sit alongside more conventional established condensed matter physics textbooks, this compact volume offers a concise presentation of the principles of solid state theory, ideal for advanced students and researchers requiring an overview or a quick refresher on a specific topic. The book starts from the one-electron theory of solid state physics, moving through electron-electron interaction and many-body approximation schemes, to lattice oscillations and their interactions with electrons. Subsequent chapters discuss transport theory and optical properties, phase transitions and some properties of low-dimensional semiconductors. This extensively expanded second edition includes new material on adiabatic perturbation theory, kinetic coefficients, the Nyquist theorem, Bose condensation, and the field-theoretical approach to non-relativistic quantum electrodynamics. Throughout the text, mathematical proofs are often only sketched, and the final chapter of the book reviews some of the key concepts and formulae used in theoretical physics. Aimed primarily at graduate and advanced undergraduate students taking courses on condensed matter theory, the book serves as a study guide to reinforce concepts learned through conventional solid state texts. Researchers and lecturers will also find it a useful resource as a concise set of notes on fundamental topics.

Solid state physics. --- Mathematical physics. --- Optical materials. --- Electronic materials. --- Solid State Physics. --- Theoretical, Mathematical and Computational Physics. --- Optical and Electronic Materials. --- Electronic materials --- Optics --- Materials --- Physical mathematics --- Physics --- Solids --- Mathematics --- Electronics --- Materials.

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Over three volumes and 2000 pages, the Handbook of Spintronics will cover all aspects of spintronics science and technology, including fundamental physics, materials properties and processing, established and emerging device technology and applications.   Comprising 60 chapters from a large international team of leading researchers across academia and industry, the Handbook provides readers with an up-to-date and comprehensive review of this dynamic field of research.    The opening chapters focus on the fundamental physical principles of spintronics in metals and semiconductors, including an introduction to spin quantum computing.  Materials systems are then considered, with sections on metallic thin films and multilayers, magnetic tunnelling structures, hybrids, magnetic semiconductors and molecular spintronic materials.  A separate section reviews the various characterisation methods appropriate to spintronics materials, including STM, spin-polarised photoemission, x-ray diffraction techniques and spin-polarised SEM.   The third part of the Handbook contains chapters on the state of the art in device technology and applications, including spin valves, GMR and MTJ devices, MRAM technology, spin transistors and spin logic devices, spin torque devices, spin pumping and spin dynamics and other topics such as spin caloritronics.   Each chapter considers the challenges faced by researchers in that area and contains some indications of the direction that future work in the field is likely to take.  This reference work will be an essential and long-standing resource for the spintronics community.

Condensed matter. --- Electrical engineering. --- Optical materials. --- Electronic materials. --- Materials science. --- Magnetism. --- Magnetic materials. --- Nanotechnology. --- Condensed Matter Physics. --- Electrical Engineering. --- Optical and Electronic Materials. --- Characterization and Evaluation of Materials. --- Magnetism, Magnetic Materials.