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Millions of low-income African Americans in the United States lack access to health care. How do they treat their health care problems? In Health Care Off the Books, Danielle T. Raudenbush provides an answer that challenges public perceptions and prior scholarly work. Informed by three and a half years of fieldwork in a public housing development, Raudenbush shows how residents who face obstacles to health care gain access to pharmaceutical drugs, medical equipment, physician reference manuals, and insurance cards by mobilizing social networks that include not only their neighbors but also local physicians. However, membership in these social networks is not universal, and some residents are forced to turn to a robust street market to obtain medicine. For others, health problems simply go untreated. Raudenbush reconceptualizes U.S. health care as a formal-informal hybrid system and explains why many residents who do have access to health services also turn to informal strategies to treat their health problems. While the practices described in the book may at times be beneficial to people’s health, they also have the potential to do serious harm. By understanding this hybrid system, we can evaluate its effects and gain new insight into the sources of social and racial disparities in health outcomes.

African Americans --- Urban poor --- Medical care --- access to health care. --- african americans. --- chronic disease. --- disability. --- disease. --- government assistance. --- health care policy. --- health care. --- health outcomes. --- illness. --- informal health care. --- lack of health care. --- legislation. --- medical needs. --- medicine. --- modern health care. --- nonfiction. --- politics. --- poverty. --- public health. --- public housing. --- race and health care. --- race. --- racial disparities. --- section 8. --- social issues. --- social networks. --- sociology. --- urban poverty. --- urban. --- us health care. --- welfare.

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The introduction of metal AM processes in such industrial sectors as the aerospace, automotive, defense, jewelry, medical and tool-making fields, has led to a significant reduction in waste material and in the lead times of the components, innovative designs with higher strength, lower weight, and fewer potential failure points from joining features. This Special Issue on “Additive Manufacturing (AM) of Metallic Alloys” contains a mixture of review articles and original contributions on some problems that limit the wider uptake and exploitation of metals in AM.

design for additive manufacturing (DfAM) --- displacements --- laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) --- manufacturing constraints --- stiffness --- costs --- melting of a powder bed --- laser welding --- optical diagnostics --- molten pool --- temperature field --- residual stresses --- electrochemical additive manufacturing --- fountain pen feed system --- metal 3D printer --- residual stress prediction --- IN718 --- experimental measurement of residual stress --- additive manufacturing --- support structure --- Powder Bed Fusion --- titanium alloy --- Ti-6Al-4V --- fracture behavior --- mechanical properties --- L-PBF --- in situ sensing --- quality assurance --- machine learning --- roughness --- electron beam melting (EBM) --- surface texture --- lack of fusion --- part quality --- Ti6Al4V --- metal additive manufacturing --- tempered --- ausrolled nanobainite --- microstructures --- n/a