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The role of employer discrimination in widening labor market differences between men and women has been hypothesized and investigated in different settings. Using a field experiment, this paper examines the presence and magnitude of gender-based discrimination by employers at the point of screening in Tunisia. The study sent out 1,571 fictitious and substantially identical pairs of male and female resumes in response to online job advertisements. On average, women were 2.4 percentage points more likely than men to receive a callback from an employer. However, this average effect hides substantial heterogeneity across economic sectors. In the information technology sector, women were 15 percentage points less likely to receive a callback than men. No discrimination against or in favor of women is found in engineering, whereas in marketing and finance, women were 19 and 4 percentage points more likely to receive a callback, respectively. The paper also finds that, unlike men, women may suffer from discrimination based on their physical appearance. Veiled women were 8.5 percentage points less likely to receive a callback than non-veiled women. Overall, the findings suggest that, at the point of screening, employer discrimination against women in Tunisia is sector specific, and, on its own, it cannot fully explain the complex challenge of female unemployment in the country.

Employment and Unemployment --- Field Experiment --- Gender --- Gender and Economics --- Gender and Social Policy --- Gender Economics --- Gender Gap --- Hiring Bias --- Labor Discrimination --- Labor Economics --- Labor Markets --- Labor Policies --- Labor Skills --- Social Protections and Labor --- Unemployment --- Wage Differential

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Despite the increase in female labor force participation over the past three decades, women still do not have the same opportunities as men to participate in economic activities in most countries. The average female labor force participation rate across countries is still 20 percentage points lower than the male rate, and gender gaps in wages and access to education persist. As shown by earlier work, including by the IMF, greater gender equality boosts economic growth and leads to better development and social outcomes. Gender equality is also one of the 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals that 193 countries committed to achieve by 2030.

Gender Studies --- Economics of Minorities and Races --- Labor --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Women's Studies' --- Economics of Gender --- Education --- Education: General --- Gender diversity --- Gender inequality --- Gender studies --- Gender studies, gender groups --- Gender --- Income economics --- Labor force participation --- Labor market --- Labor Standards: Labor Force Composition --- Labour --- Sex discrimination --- Sex role --- Social discrimination & equal treatment --- Women & girls --- Women --- Women's Studies --- United States

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Finance & Development.

Aging --- Demographic Economics: General --- Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts --- Demography --- Economics of Gender --- Economics of the Elderly --- Economics of the Handicapped --- Emigration and Immigration --- Emigration and immigration --- Health economics --- Health --- Income economics --- International Migration --- Labor --- Labour --- Migration --- Migration, immigration & emigration --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Non-labor Market Discrimination --- Pensions --- Population & demography --- Population aging --- Population and demographics --- Population --- Women --- Women's Studies --- Japan

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Uruguay enjoys favorable social outcomes, and its labor indicators are comparable to other Latin American countries, but its youth unemployment is one of the highest in the world. To help understand this duality, we employ synthetic panels from repeated household surveys for LA6 countries from 1990-2018 to investigate the determinants of the youth-to-adult unemployment gap. We find that a large part of the Uruguayan gap cannot be explained by standard variables, which opens the possibility that other uncontrolled factors, including labor market institutions, might be at play.

Business and Economics --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure --- Particular Labor Markets: Public Policy --- Labor Discrimination --- Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Labor Economics: General --- Labour --- income economics --- Labor markets --- Unemployment rate --- Labor market --- Economic theory --- Labor economics --- Uruguay --- Youth --- Business and Economics. --- Labor. --- Macroeconomics. --- Employment. --- Unemployment. --- Wages. --- Intergenerational Income Distribution. --- Aggregate Human Capital. --- Aggregate Labor Productivity. --- Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure. --- Particular Labor Markets: Public Policy. --- Labor Discrimination. --- Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search. --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General. --- Labor Economics: General. --- Labour. --- income economics. --- Labor markets. --- Unemployment rate. --- Labor market. --- Economic theory. --- Labor economics. --- Uruguay.

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This paper undertakes a triage of the backlog of open actions in Management Implementation Plans (MIPs) responding to recommendations by the Independent Evaluation Office (IEO), based on the Framework endorsed by the Board in March 2019.

Corporate governance --- Debt sustainability analysis --- Debts, External --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economic sectors --- Economics of Gender --- Exports and Imports --- External debt --- Finance --- Finance: General --- Financial Crises --- Financial crises --- Financial Institutions and Services: General --- Financial Risk Management --- Financial Sector Assessment Program --- Financial sector policy and analysis --- Financial sector --- Financial services industry --- Gender diversity --- Gender Studies --- Gender studies, gender groups --- Gender --- General Financial Markets: Government Policy and Regulation --- Industries: Financial Services --- International economics --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Sex role --- Greece