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A study of three hundred years of medieval Franciscan history that focuses on martyrdomWhile hagiographies tell of Christian martyrs who have died in an astonishing number of ways and places, slain by members of many different groups, martyrdom in a Franciscan context generally meant death at Muslim hands; indeed, in Franciscan discourse, "death by Saracen" came to rival or even surpass other definitions of what made a martyr. The centrality of Islam to Franciscan conceptions of martyrdom becomes even more apparent—and problematic—when we realize that many of the martyr narratives were largely invented. Franciscan authors were free to choose the antagonist they wanted, Christopher MacEvitt observes, and they almost always chose Muslims. However, martyrdom in Franciscan accounts rarely leads to conversion of the infidel, nor is it accompanied, as is so often the case in earlier hagiographical accounts, by any miraculous manifestation.If the importance of preaching to infidels was written into the official Franciscan Rule of Order, the Order did not demonstrate much interest in conversion, and the primary efforts of friars in Muslim lands were devoted to preaching not to the native populations but to the Latin Christians—mercenaries, merchants, and captives—living there. Franciscan attitudes toward conversion and martyrdom changed dramatically in the beginning of the fourteenth century, however, when accounts of the martyrdom of four Franciscans said to have died while preaching in India were written. The speed with which the accounts of their martyrdom spread had less to do with the world beyond Christendom than with ecclesiastical affairs within, MacEvitt contends. The Martyrdom of the Franciscans shows how, for Franciscans, martyrdom accounts could at once offer veiled critique of papal policies toward the Order, a substitute for the rigorous pursuit of poverty, and a symbolic way to overcome Islam by denying Muslims the solace of conversion.

Martyrdom --- Christianity and other religions --- Christian martyrs --- Church history --- Christianity&delete& --- History --- Islam --- Franciscans --- Alcantarines --- Bernardyni --- Cordeliers --- Discalced Friars Minor --- Família Franciscana --- Frades Menores --- Frailes Menores --- Franciscains --- Franciscains mineurs --- Franciscan Discalceati --- Franciscan Order --- Franciscan Reformati --- Franciszkanie --- Frant︠s︡iskanskiĭ orden --- Frant︠s︡iskant︠s︡y --- Frati minori --- Fratres minores --- Frères mineurs --- Friars, Gray --- Friars Minor --- Gråbrøderne --- Gray Friars --- Grey Friars --- Mala braća --- Minderbrüder --- Minoriten --- Minorites --- O.F.M. --- Observants --- OFM --- Ojcowie Franciszkanie --- Ordem dos Frades Menores --- Ordem dos Franciscanos --- Ordem Franciscana --- Orden de Frailes Menores --- Orden de los Frailes Menores --- Orden Franciscana --- Orden sv. Frant︠s︡iska --- Order of Friars Minor --- Ordine dei Frati Minori --- Ordine dei minori --- Ordre des frères franciscains mineurs --- Ordo Fratrum Minorum --- Reformati --- Reformed Franciscans --- Seraphic Order --- Capuchins --- Conventuals --- Franciscan Recollects --- Christianity --- Martyrs --- Death --- Suffering --- Middle Ages, 600-1500 --- Religious aspects --- 271.3 --- 271.3 Franciskanen. Minderbroeders --- Franciskanen. Minderbroeders --- Christian martyrs. --- Christianity. --- HISTORY / Medieval. --- Interfaith relations. --- Islam. --- Middle Ages. --- History. --- Franciscans. --- To 1500. --- Islamic countries. --- Martyrium. --- Franziskaner. --- Medieval and Renaissance Studies. --- Religion. --- Religious Studies. --- Martyrdom - Christianity - History. --- Christianity and other religions - Islam. --- Christian martyrs - Islamic countries. --- Church history - Middle Ages, 600-1500. --- Martyres

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Mit dem "Tractatus contra Graecos" (1252) eines anonymen Dominikaners aus dem noch jungen Konvent von Konstantinopel steht ein kontroverstheologisches Werk im Fokus dieses Buches, dessen Besonderheit sich aus seiner vielfältigen Interaktion mit zeitgenössischen Diskursen ergibt und dessen Charakter als paradigmatisch für die ost-westliche Konfliktkonstellation des Hoch- und Spätmittelalters samt ihren Auswirkungen auf heutige wechselseitige Wahrnehmungen von Kirche(n) und theologischen Traditionen gelten kann. Kontroverstheologie ist zu einem gewissen Grad immer auch „making of“: Im Fall des "Tractatus contra Graecos" und von Werken seines theologischen Kontextes werden Bilder des jeweils Anderen bzw. des realen oder literarischen Gesprächspartners transportiert, der – wenn er den eigenen Erwartungen an den Verlauf und die Lösung der Frage nach der Kircheneinheit nicht entsprach – vom Partner zum Feindbild wurde. Die Analyse dieser Bilder zeigt: Unter einer oft polemischen Textoberfläche verbirgt sich bisweilen eine weit originellere Theologie, als man diesem Textgenre zutrauen würde. Diese Theologie heraus- und in die Skizze mittelalterlicher Ekklesiologie einzuarbeiten ist das zentrale Leitmotiv dieses Buches.

RELIGION / Christianity / History. --- Dominican order. --- Medieval theology. --- controversial theology. --- ecumene. --- Dominicans --- Dominicans. --- Tractatus contra Graecos. --- Mediterranean Region. --- Black Friars --- Blackfriars --- Domenicani --- Dominicains --- Dominican Fathers --- Dominican Order --- Dominicanen --- Dominicanos --- Dominicos --- Dominics --- Dominikanci --- Dominikaner --- Dominikanie --- Dominikanski orden --- Dominikant͡si --- FF. prêcheurs --- Frati predicatori --- Frères prêcheurs --- Friars Preachers --- Jacobins (Religious order) --- O.P. --- Orde de Predicadors --- Orde de Sant Domènec --- Orde dels Frares Predicadors --- Orde dels Predicadors --- Orde Dominic --- Ordem de S. Domingos --- Ordem de São Domingos --- Ordėn daminikana --- Orden de Predicadores --- Order of Preachers --- Order of St. Dominic --- Ordine dei Frati predicatori --- Ordine dei predicatori --- Ordo Fratrum Praedicatorum --- Ordo Praedicatorum --- Ordre de saint Dominique --- Ordre des Frères-Prêcheurs --- Ordre des Prêcheurs --- Padres Domínicos --- Preaching Friars --- Predicadores --- Prediger-Orden --- Zakon Dominikanów --- Zakon Kaznodziejski --- Zakon Ojców Dominikanów --- Доминикански орден --- Dominikant︠s︡i --- Домініканці --- Orde Dominicà --- Ordėn daminikanaŭ --- Ордэн дамініканаў --- Circum-Mediterranean countries --- Mediterranean Area --- Mediterranean countries --- Mediterranean Sea Region

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On July 1, 1523, Johann van den Eschen and Hendrik Voes, two Augustinians friars from Antwerp, were burned on the Grand Plaza in Brussels, thereby becoming the first victims of the Reformation. Despite being well-known, the event barely registers in most Reformation histories. By tracing its origins and examining the impact of the executions on Martin Luther, on the Reformed Augustinian world, and on the early Reformation in the Low Countries and the German speaking lands, this study definitively demonstrates that the burnings were in fact the dénouement of broader trends within Late Medieval Reformed Augustinianism, as well as a watershed in the early Reformation. In doing so, it also reveals the central role played by the Augustinian friars of Lower Germany in shaping both the content and spread of the early Reformation, as well as Wittenberg's influence on the events leading up to these first executions.

Christian church history --- History of Germany and Austria --- History of the Low Countries --- anno 1500-1599 --- Réforme protestante --- Reformation --- Ordre de Saint-Augustin --- Augustinians --- Histoire --- History --- Burning (Execution) --- Vos, Hendrik, --- Esch, Johann, --- Executions and executioners --- Voes, Hendrik, --- Ordo Eremitarum S. Augustini --- Eremitani --- Scalzi di S. Agostino --- Augustinereremitenorden --- Hermits of St. Augustine --- Religiosos Ermitaños de San Agustín --- Augustiniáni --- Ordo Eremitarum Sancti Augustini --- Scalzi di Sant'Agostino --- Hermits of Saint Augustine --- Agustinos --- Order of Saint Augustine --- Augustinian Order --- Zakon Augustjański --- OSA --- Augustinian Friars --- Austin Friars --- Order of Hermits of St. Augustine --- Order of Hermits of Saint Augustine --- Orden de San Agustín --- Agostiniani scalzi --- OESA --- O.E.S.A. --- Ordo Heremitarum S. Augustini --- Ordem dos Eremitas de Santo Agostinho --- Reformed Augustinians, Reformation, Martin Luther, Low Countries, heresy, martyrs. --- Réforme protestante

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Monasticism was the dominant form of religious life both in the medieval West and in the Byzantine world. Latin and Greek Monasticism in the Crusader States explores the parallel histories of monasticism in western and Byzantine traditions in the Near East in the period c.1050-1300. Bernard Hamilton and Andrew Jotischky follow the parallel histories of new Latin foundations alongside the survival and revival of Greek Orthodox monastic life under Crusader rule. Examining the involvement of monasteries in the newly founded Crusader States, the institutional organization of monasteries, the role of monastic life in shaping expressions of piety, and the literary and cultural products of monasteries, this meticulously researched survey will facilitate a new understanding of indigenous religious institutions and culture in the Crusader states.

Monasticism and religious orders --- Orthodox Eastern monasticism and religious orders --- Church history --- Latin Orient --- East, Latin --- Latin East --- Orient, Latin --- Islamic Empire --- Middle East --- Orient --- Latin Empire, 1204-1261 --- Church history. --- History --- Christianity --- Monasticism and religious orders, Orthodox Eastern --- Orthodox Eastern monasteries --- Monachism --- Monastic orders --- Monasticism and religious orders for men --- Monasticism and religious orders of men --- Orders, Monastic --- Orders, Religious --- Religious orders --- Brotherhoods --- Christian communities --- Brothers (Religious) --- Friars --- Monks --- Superiors, Religious --- Middle Ages, 600-1500 --- Croisades --- Monachisme

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"This is a reader devoted to the life and writings of Bartolome de las Casas (1485-1566), and the effects of his legacy on the age of the Encounter when Europeans-principally but not exclusively Spaniards-conquered the Americas. Las Casas is arguably the most important figure of the Encounter Age after Christopher Columbus, and Las Casas is well known to those who teach Western civilization, various survey histories of Spain and Latin America, and Atlantic history. He is known principally as the author of the "Black Legend," as well as the "protector" of American Indians. He was one of the pioneers of the human rights movement, and a Christian activist who invoked Biblical scripture to interpret what was right and wrong in the great age of the Encounter. He was also one of the first and most thorough chroniclers of the conquest, and a biographer who saved the diary of Columbus's first voyage for posterity through his History of the Indies, for the journal of that voyage was lost. He was also an innovator in political theory and a proto-ethnographer, and his contributions in geography, philosophy, and literature are no less significant. That he was also crusty, self-righteous, judgmental, given to gross exaggerations, and not a very loving Christian adds the very human dimension of failure to his character. This reader provides the most wide-ranging, and concise anthology of Las Casas' writings, in translation, ever made available. It contains not only excerpts from his most well-known texts, but also his writings on political philosophy and law, which are largely unavailable. Many of these selections have never been translated into English and they mostly address these under-appreciated aspects of his thought. As such, this volume presents Las Casas as a more comprehensive and systematic philosophical and legal thinker than he is given credit. The introduction puts these writings into a synthetic whole by biographically tracing his indigenous advocacy throughout his career"--

Indians, Treatment of --- Slavery --- Slave trade --- History --- Casas, Bartolomé de las, --- Dominicans --- America --- Discovery and exploration --- Spanish --- Abolition of slavery --- Antislavery --- Enslavement --- Mui tsai --- Ownership of slaves --- Servitude --- Slave keeping --- Slave system --- Slaveholding --- Thralldom --- Crimes against humanity --- Serfdom --- Slaveholders --- Slaves --- Indians --- Government relations --- Casas, Bartolomé de las --- Las-Kasas, Bartolome de, --- Kasas, Bartolome de las, --- Las Casas, Bartolomé de, --- Casaus, Bartolomé de las, --- Las Casas, Balthazar de, --- Casas, Balthazar de las, --- Las Casas, B. de --- Casas, Bartholomew las, --- Las Casas, Bartholomew, --- Lascasas, Bartolomé de, --- Black Friars --- Blackfriars --- Dominicains --- Dominican Fathers --- Dominican Order --- Dominicanen --- Domenicani --- Dominicanos --- Dominicos --- Dominics --- Dominikanci --- Dominikaner --- Dominikanie --- Dominikanski orden --- Доминикански орден --- Dominikant︠s︡i --- Домініканці --- FF. prêcheurs --- Frati predicatori --- Frères prêcheurs --- Friars Preachers --- Jacobins (Religious order) --- O.P. --- Orde de Predicadors --- Orde de Sant Domènec --- Orde dels Frares Predicadors --- Orde dels Predicadors --- Orde Dominicà --- Ordem de S. Domingos --- Ordem de São Domingos --- Ordėn daminikanaŭ --- Ордэн дамініканаў --- Orden de Predicadores --- Order of Preachers --- Order of St. Dominic --- Ordine dei Frati predicatori --- Ordine dei predicatori --- Ordo Fratrum Praedicatorum --- Ordo Praedicatorum --- Ordre de saint Dominique --- Ordre des Frères-Prêcheurs --- Ordre des Prêcheurs --- Padres Domínicos --- Preaching Friars --- Predicadores --- Prediger-Orden --- Zakon Dominikanów --- Zakon Kaznodziejski --- Zakon Ojców Dominikanów --- Americas --- New World --- Western Hemisphere --- Enslaved persons