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Embolism. --- Blood-vessels --- Diseases

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This book compiles the latest research and key findings about the role of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in Breast Cancer progression, both from the research and clinical standpoint. Based on latest advancements, the content of the book is set out to provide a clear overview about the biology and use of CTCs as a tool for the monitoring and management of breast cancer patients. This work covers basic concepts about the process of metastasis, the biology of CTCs and their potential applications as a biomarker in breast cancer. It will enable readers to delve into the process of epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP), mechanisms and clinical implications of tumor cell dormancy and minimal residual disease, and into the phenotypical and molecular heterogeneity of CTCs and CTC clusters, including the epigenetic characterization of CTCs. Readers will find out about the key technologies used for the isolation of CTCs as well as the latest advances towards the characterization of CTCs, involving single cell analyses and patient-derived models. It will discuss the evidences about the use of CTCs as a tool to monitor breast cancer progression and therapy response, as well as to unravel mechanisms of resistance to therapy and to identify new therapeutic targets favoring the development of novel anticancer drugs. Lastly, it will discuss ongoing clinical trials and try to foresee the future of CTCs in terms of clinical application and implementation in the clinical routine. The topic of this book is particularly relevant for cancer researchers and oncologist with an interest in the field, looking to refresh or to broaden their knowledge and understanding about the use of CTCs as a diagnostic biomarker in breast cancer.

Cancer research. --- Molecular biology. --- Biomedical engineering. --- Stem cells. --- Cancer Research. --- Molecular Medicine. --- Biomedical Engineering/Biotechnology. --- Stem Cells. --- Colony-forming units (Cells) --- Mother cells --- Progenitor cells --- Cells --- Clinical engineering --- Medical engineering --- Bioengineering --- Biophysics --- Engineering --- Medicine --- Molecular biochemistry --- Molecular biophysics --- Biochemistry --- Biomolecules --- Systems biology --- Cancer research --- Breast --- Breast Neoplasms. --- Neoplasm Metastasis. --- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating. --- Cancer --- Molecular aspects. --- Cells, Neoplasm Circulating --- Circulating Cells, Neoplasm --- Circulating Tumor Cells --- Circulating Neoplastic Cells --- Embolic Tumor Cells --- Embolism, Tumor --- Neoplasm Circulating Cells --- Tumor Cells, Embolic --- Cell, Circulating Neoplastic --- Cell, Circulating Tumor --- Cell, Embolic Tumor --- Cell, Neoplasm Circulating --- Cells, Circulating Neoplastic --- Cells, Circulating Tumor --- Cells, Embolic Tumor --- Circulating Neoplastic Cell --- Circulating Tumor Cell --- Embolic Tumor Cell --- Embolisms, Tumor --- Neoplasm Circulating Cell --- Neoplastic Cell, Circulating --- Tumor Cell, Circulating --- Tumor Cell, Embolic --- Tumor Cells, Circulating --- Tumor Embolism --- Tumor Embolisms --- Metastases, Neoplasm --- Metastasis, Neoplasm --- Neoplasm Metastases --- Metastasis --- Metastases --- Neoplasms --- Breast Carcinoma --- Cancer of the Breast --- Human Mammary Carcinoma --- Malignant Neoplasm of Breast --- Malignant Tumor of Breast --- Mammary Cancer --- Mammary Carcinoma, Human --- Mammary Neoplasm, Human --- Mammary Neoplasms, Human --- Neoplasms, Breast --- Tumors, Breast --- Breast Cancer --- Breast Tumors --- Cancer of Breast --- Breast Carcinomas --- Breast Malignant Neoplasm --- Breast Malignant Neoplasms --- Breast Malignant Tumor --- Breast Malignant Tumors --- Breast Neoplasm --- Breast Tumor --- Cancer, Breast --- Cancer, Mammary --- Cancers, Mammary --- Carcinoma, Breast --- Carcinoma, Human Mammary --- Carcinomas, Breast --- Carcinomas, Human Mammary --- Human Mammary Carcinomas --- Human Mammary Neoplasm --- Human Mammary Neoplasms --- Mammary Cancers --- Mammary Carcinomas, Human --- Neoplasm, Breast --- Neoplasm, Human Mammary --- Neoplasms, Human Mammary --- Tumor, Breast --- Breast Cancer Lymphedema --- secondary --- Càncer de mama --- Cèl·lules canceroses --- Monitoratge de pacients --- Monitoratge fisiològic --- Supervisió electrònica dels malalts --- Supervisió electrònica dels pacients --- Diagnòstic --- Medicina intensiva --- Monitoratge fetal --- Cèl·lules --- Patologia cel·lular --- Metàstasi --- Càncer --- Càncer de pit --- Malalties de la mama --- Càncer ginecològic

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Concerns have been raised with respect to the state of high-altitude and high-latitude treelines, as they are anticipated to undergo considerable modifications due to global changes, and especially due to climate warming. As high-elevation treelines are temperature-limited vegetation boundaries, they are considered to be sensitive to climate warming. As a consequence, in this future, warmer environment, an upward migration of treelines is expected because low air and root-zone temperatures constrain their regeneration and growth. Despite the ubiquity of climate warming, treeline advancement is not a worldwide phenomenon: some treelines have been advancing rapidly, others have responded sluggishly or have remained stable. This variation in responses is attributed to the potential interaction of a continuum of site-related factors that may lead to the occurrence of locally conditioned temperature patterns. Competition amongst species and below-ground resources have been suggested as additional factors explaining the variability in the movement of treelines. This Special Issue (book) is dedicated to the discussion of treeline responses to changing environmental conditions in different areas around the globe.

n/a --- tree seedling recruitment --- shrubline --- light quality --- higher altitude --- precipitation --- experimental rain exclusion --- Pinus cembra --- Changbai Mountain --- treeline dynamics --- fungal ecology --- thermal continentality --- tree regeneration --- elevational transect --- monitoring --- conifer shrub --- plant water availability --- permafrost --- foehn winds --- treeline --- Holocene --- nitrogen cycling --- carotenoids --- timberline --- 15N natural abundance --- spectrometer --- basal area increment --- palynology --- xylem embolism --- diversity --- elevational treeline --- European Alps --- temperature --- tree line --- winter stress --- photosynthetic pigments --- Pinus sibirica --- westerly winds --- relative air humidity --- ecosystem manipulation --- Larix decidua --- microsite --- polar treeline --- Central Austrian Alps --- Switzerland --- multi-stemmed growth form --- conifers --- forest edge --- history of treeline research --- soil drought --- dendroclimatology --- knowledge engineering --- Rocky Mountains --- apical control --- cloud --- postglacial --- alpine timberline --- space-for-time substitution --- climate change --- expert elicitation --- shoot elongation --- pit aspiration --- climate warming --- climate zone --- alpine treeline --- refilling --- Abies sibirica --- growth trend --- western Montana --- light quantity --- Picea abies --- Mediterranean climate --- forest climatology --- altitude --- environmental stress --- sub-Antarctic --- Erman’s birch --- photoinhibition --- tocopherol --- elevational gradients --- NDVI --- long-term trends --- sap flow --- peat --- tree seedlings --- Southern Ocean --- chlorophyll --- non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) --- drought --- upward advance --- remote sensing data --- Erman's birch