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Electrons --- Diffraction. --- Electron diffraction --- Diffraction
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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact
methane --- methanotrophs --- electron transfer --- bioreactor --- value addition and sustainability
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Ultrahigh vacuum. --- Vacuum technology. --- Electron microscopes. --- Electron microscope --- Microscopes --- Industrial vacuum --- Vacuum --- Vacuum in industry --- Ultrahigh vacuum --- Vacuum technology --- Industrial applications
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This book reviews advances in cutting-edge micro-/nano-electrometers, and discusses the technological challenges involved in their practical implementation. The detection of electrostatic charge has a wide range of applications in ionization chambers, bio-analyte and aerosol particle instruments, mass spectrometers, scanning tunneling microscopes, and even quantum computers. Designing micro-/nano-electrometers (also known as charge sensors) for electrometry is considered vital because of the charge sensitivity and resolution issues at micro-/nano-scales. The remarkably dynamic microelectromechanical systems (MEMSs)/nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMSs), and advances in solid-state electronics, hold considerable potential for the design and fabrication of extremely sensitive charge sensors.
Electronic circuits. --- Nanotechnology. --- Circuits and Systems. --- Electronic Circuits and Devices. --- Nanotechnology and Microengineering. --- Electron-tube circuits --- Electric circuits --- Electron tubes --- Electronics --- Molecular technology --- Nanoscale technology --- High technology
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This book covers the fundamental knowledge of layout design from the ground up, addressing both physical design, as generally applied to digital circuits, and analog layout. Such knowledge provides the critical awareness and insights a layout designer must possess to convert a structural description produced during circuit design into the physical layout used for IC/PCB fabrication. The book introduces the technological know-how to transform silicon into functional devices, to understand the technology for which a layout is targeted (Chap. 2). Using this core technology knowledge as the foundation, subsequent chapters delve deeper into specific constraints and aspects of physical design, such as interfaces, design rules and libraries (Chap. 3), design flows and models (Chap. 4), design steps (Chap. 5), analog design specifics (Chap. 6), and finally reliability measures (Chap. 7). Besides serving as a textbook for engineering students, this book is a foundational reference for today’s circuit designers. This is a welcome and very important new reference book for both students and practicing microelectronics design engineers. It fills a gap in pedagogy that has been growing over time, by building from foundations while spanning layers of system architecture and integration, as well as both analog and digital layout. Professor Andrew B. Kahng, University of California San Diego This book is an excellent introduction, covering where we are now, the key problems we currently face, and also providing a glimpse of what is to come. The authors are respected leaders in the field, with deep knowledge; they cover the material in a crisp and clear manner, making this text a great resource for anyone, from the new student to the seasoned expert. Associate Professor Patrick H. Madden, Binghamton University This book covers fundamentals of IC mask or layout design with a strong emphasis on the technological background, the practical design and verification steps, and the analog and reliability issues. I find the book worth reading. It equips students and junior engineers with comprehensive layout design knowledge. Professor Mark Po-Hung Lin, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan The combined expertise of the authors and the attention they have paid to theory and practice, big picture and detail, illustrative examples and written text, make this book the perfect go-to resource for students and engineers alike. Professor Laleh Behjat, University of Calgary.
Electronic circuits. --- Circuits and Systems. --- Electronic Circuits and Devices. --- Electron-tube circuits --- Electric circuits --- Electron tubes --- Electronics --- Electronic circuit design. --- Electronic circuits --- Design
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Many modern computer systems, including homogeneous and heterogeneous architectures, support shared memory in hardware. In a shared memory system, each of the processor cores may read and write to a single shared address space. For a shared memory machine, the memory consistency model defines the architecturally visible behavior of its memory system. Consistency definitions provide rules about loads and stores (or memory reads and writes) and how they act upon memory. As part of supporting a memory consistency model, many machines also provide cache coherence protocols that ensure that multiple cached copies of data are kept up-to-date. The goal of this primer is to provide readers with a basic understanding of consistency and coherence. This understanding includes both the issues that must be solved as well as a variety of solutions. We present both high-level concepts as well as specific, concrete examples from real-world systems. This second edition reflects a decade of advancements since the first edition and includes, among other more modest changes, two new chapters: one on consistency and coherence for non-CPU accelerators (with a focus on GPUs) and one that points to formal work and tools on consistency and coherence.
Electronic circuits. --- Microprocessors. --- Computer architecture. --- Electronic Circuits and Systems. --- Processor Architectures. --- Architecture, Computer --- Minicomputers --- Electron-tube circuits --- Electric circuits --- Electron tubes --- Electronics
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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact
Science: general issues --- Medical microbiology & virology --- Microbiology (non-medical) --- methane --- methanotrophs --- electron transfer --- bioreactor --- value addition and sustainability --- methane --- methanotrophs --- electron transfer --- bioreactor --- value addition and sustainability
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Oxidation-reduction reaction --- Physiological effect. --- Electron transfer reaction --- Oxido-reduction --- Redox reaction --- Chemical reactions
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