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Placing evolutionary events in the context of geological time is a fundamental goal in paleobiology and macroevolution. In this Element we describe the tripartite model used for Bayesian estimation of time calibrated phylogenetic trees. The model can be readily separated into its component models: the substitution model, the clock model and the tree model. We provide an overview of the most widely used models for each component and highlight the advantages of implementing the tripartite model within a Bayesian framework.

Divergence (Biology) --- Paleobiology --- Macroevolution --- Bayesian statistical decision theory. --- Mathematical models.

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This book summarizes the efforts of ten papers collected by the Special Issue "Condensed-Matter-Principia Based Information & Statistical Measures: From Classical to Quantum". It calls for papers which deal with condensed-matter systems, or their interdisciplinary analogs, for which well-defined classical–statistical vs. quantum information measures can be inferred while based on the entropy concept. The contents have mainly been rested upon objectives addressed by an international colloquium held on October 2019, in UTP Bydgoszcz, Poland (see http://zmpf.imif.utp.edu.pl/rci-jcs/rci-jcs-4/), with an emphasis placed on the achievements of Professor Gerard Czajkowski, who commenced his research activity with open diffusion–reaction systems under the supervision of Roman S. Ingarden (Toruń), a father of Polish synergetics, and original thermodynamic approaches to self-organization. The active cooperation of Professor Czajkowski, mainly with German physicists (Friedrich Schloegl, Aachen; Werner Ebeling, Berlin), ought to be highlighted. In light of this, a development of his research, as it has moved from statistical thermodynamics to solid state theory, pursued in terms of nonlinear solid-state optics (Franco Bassani, Pisa), and culminated very recently with large quasiparticles termed Rydberg excitons, and their coherent interactions with light, is worth delineating.

Research & information: general --- entropy --- second law --- thermodynamics --- Shannon measure of information --- information theory --- surface plasmons --- fractals --- quantum plasmonics --- beyond dipole --- entanglement --- electromagnetically induced transparency --- cross-Kerr nonlinearity --- Gazeau–Klauder coherent states --- Helstrom bound --- chemical computing --- oscillatory reaction --- genetic optimization --- classification problem --- interacting oscillators --- Flory–De Gennes exponent --- conformation of protein --- albumin --- non-gaussian chain --- non-isothermal characteristics --- Fisher’s test --- Kullback–Leibler divergence --- network --- flow --- channel --- probability distribution --- Shannon information measure --- cross-entropy --- drones --- swarms --- robustness --- information --- classical vs. quantum system --- condensed matter --- soft matter --- complex systems

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This book summarizes the efforts of ten papers collected by the Special Issue "Condensed-Matter-Principia Based Information & Statistical Measures: From Classical to Quantum". It calls for papers which deal with condensed-matter systems, or their interdisciplinary analogs, for which well-defined classical–statistical vs. quantum information measures can be inferred while based on the entropy concept. The contents have mainly been rested upon objectives addressed by an international colloquium held on October 2019, in UTP Bydgoszcz, Poland (see http://zmpf.imif.utp.edu.pl/rci-jcs/rci-jcs-4/), with an emphasis placed on the achievements of Professor Gerard Czajkowski, who commenced his research activity with open diffusion–reaction systems under the supervision of Roman S. Ingarden (Toruń), a father of Polish synergetics, and original thermodynamic approaches to self-organization. The active cooperation of Professor Czajkowski, mainly with German physicists (Friedrich Schloegl, Aachen; Werner Ebeling, Berlin), ought to be highlighted. In light of this, a development of his research, as it has moved from statistical thermodynamics to solid state theory, pursued in terms of nonlinear solid-state optics (Franco Bassani, Pisa), and culminated very recently with large quasiparticles termed Rydberg excitons, and their coherent interactions with light, is worth delineating.

entropy --- second law --- thermodynamics --- Shannon measure of information --- information theory --- surface plasmons --- fractals --- quantum plasmonics --- beyond dipole --- entanglement --- electromagnetically induced transparency --- cross-Kerr nonlinearity --- Gazeau–Klauder coherent states --- Helstrom bound --- chemical computing --- oscillatory reaction --- genetic optimization --- classification problem --- interacting oscillators --- Flory–De Gennes exponent --- conformation of protein --- albumin --- non-gaussian chain --- non-isothermal characteristics --- Fisher’s test --- Kullback–Leibler divergence --- network --- flow --- channel --- probability distribution --- Shannon information measure --- cross-entropy --- drones --- swarms --- robustness --- information --- classical vs. quantum system --- condensed matter --- soft matter --- complex systems

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"Metrics at Work examines how digital metrics and analytics are transforming work practices, professional cultures, and organizational structures in today's economy. The author focuses on journalism, a field that is undergoing massive transformations because of digital technologies. The book follows two news websites with high editorial ambitions, the Paris-based LaPlace and New York City-based TheNotebook, revealing many similarities within each company-their editorial goals, technological tools, and even office furniture among them-as they face growing pressure to attract more traffic and increase their clicks. But beyond these similarities, Metrics at Work uncovers a striking difference between these French and American news sites: the ways in which journalists understand and respond to the analytics. The author draws on four years of ethnographic fieldwork, including over one hundred interviews with American and French journalists, to examine this divergence. While the American journalists routinely disregarded traffic numbers and rely more on the opinion of their peers to define journalistic quality, the French journalists fixated on internet traffic and viewed the numbers as a signal of involvement in the public sphere. Christin offers a cultural explanation, arguing that the historical differences between the two journalistic traditions continue to structure the very different ways that journalists today make sense of audience measurements"-- When the news moved online, journalists suddenly learned what their audiences actually liked, through algorithmic technologies that scrutinize web traffic and activity. Has this advent of audience metrics changed journalists’ work practices and professional identities? In Metrics at Work, Angèle Christin documents the ways that journalists grapple with audience data in the form of clicks, and analyzes how new forms of clickbait journalism travel across national borders.Drawing on four years of fieldwork in web newsrooms in the United States and France, including more than one hundred interviews with journalists, Christin reveals many similarities among the media groups examined—their editorial goals, technological tools, and even office furniture. Yet she uncovers crucial and paradoxical differences in how American and French journalists understand audience analytics and how these affect the news produced in each country. American journalists routinely disregard traffic numbers and primarily rely on the opinion of their peers to define journalistic quality. Meanwhile, French journalists fixate on internet traffic and view these numbers as a sign of their resonance in the public sphere. Christin offers cultural and historical explanations for these disparities, arguing that distinct journalistic traditions structure how journalists make sense of digital measurements in the two countries.Contrary to the popular belief that analytics and algorithms are globally homogenizing forces, Metrics at Work shows that computational technologies can have surprisingly divergent ramifications for work and organizations worldwide.

Web usage mining in journalism --- Journalism --- Technological innovations --- Literature --- Publicity --- Fake news --- Writing (Authorship) --- #SBIB:309H1010 --- #SBIB:309H1720 --- #SBIB:303H14 --- Organisatorische aspecten van de media: algemene werken (incl. journalistiek) --- Informatiekunde, informatie management --- Methoden en technieken van de communicatiewetenschap --- Web usage mining in journalism - United States --- Web usage mining in journalism - France --- Journalism - Technological innovations - United States --- Journalism - Technological innovations - France --- Algorithmic Power and Politics. --- Automating the News. --- Caitlin Petre. --- Cathy O’Neil. --- Clayton Childress. --- Desperate Measures. --- Eugenia Mitchelstein. --- LaPlace. --- Nancy Baym. --- Nicholas Diakopoulos. --- Pablo Boczkowski. --- Playing to the Crowd. --- Taina Bucher. --- The News Gap. --- TheNotebook. --- Under the Cover. --- Weapons of Math Destruction. --- algorithmic publics. --- big data. --- circulation numbers. --- communications. --- critical algorithmic studies. --- critical data studies. --- divergence within convergence. --- economic sociology. --- media studies. --- online news. --- organizational studies. --- quantification. --- science and technology studies. --- sociology of work. --- traffic factories. --- web journalism.

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Rice feeds more than half of the world population. Its small genome size and ease in transformation have made rice the model crop in plant physiology and genetics. Molecular as well as Mendelian, forward as well as reverse genetics collaborate with each other to expand rice genetics. The wild relatives of rice belonging to the genus Oryza are distributed in Asia, Africa, Latin America and Oceania. They are good sources for the study of domestication and adaptation. Rice was the first crop to have its entire genome sequenced. With the help of the reference genome of Nipponbare and the advent of the next generation sequencer, the study of the rice genome has been accelerated. The mining of DNA polymorphism has permitted map-based cloning, QTL (quantitative trait loci) analysis, and the production of many kinds of experimental lines, such as recombinant inbred lines, backcross inbred lines, and chromosomal segment substitution lines. Inter- and intraspecific hybridization among Oryza species has opened the door to various levels of reproductive barriers ranging from prezygotic to postzygotic. This Special Issue contains eleven papers on genetic studies of rice and its relatives utilizing the rich genetic resources and/or rich genome information described above.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- African rice --- climate change --- genomic resources --- genetic potential --- genome sequencing --- domestication --- transcriptome and chloroplast --- anther length --- cell elongation --- genetic architecture --- outcrossing --- perennial species --- rice --- reproductive barrier --- segregation distortion --- abortion --- wild rice --- O. meridionalis --- O. sativa --- gene duplication --- Oryza sativa --- hybrid weakness --- cell death --- reactive oxygen species --- leaf yellowing --- SPAD --- hypersensitive response --- semidawarf gene --- d60 --- sd1 --- yield component --- phenotyping --- growth --- Seed shattering --- O. barthii --- HS1 --- haplotype --- rice (Oryza sativa) --- evolutionary relationships --- chloroplast genome --- nuclear genome --- phylogeny --- rice (Oryza sativa L.) --- brown planthopper --- near-isogenic lines --- pyramided lines --- resistance --- virulence --- flowering time --- photoperiod sensitivity --- allelic variation --- fine-tuning --- Oryza --- speciation --- divergence --- life history --- phylogenetic relation --- Australian continent --- abiotic stress --- salinity --- whole genome re-sequencing