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Conditions in the region and the rest of the world have changed dramatically since the April 2020 Regional Economic Update (World Bank 2020a). In addition to still unfolding unprecedented health crisis, the world is now experiencing the deepest global recession since the Second World War (World Bank 2020b). The global economy is projected to contract by 5.2 percent this year, with output in emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) shrinking by 2.5 percent-the first contraction in at least sixty years. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a significant loss of life and has had severe economic effects on the developing East Asia and Pacific (EAP) region. Many governments have responded to the pandemic-induced shock with sizable fiscal and monetary support. Although subject to significant uncertainty, regional growth is expected to rebound to [6.6 percent] in 2021 as the pandemic subsides, remaining restrictions are lifted, and global demand recovers. The pandemicinduced crisis will likely hit hardest the poorest and most vulnerable countries and communities, [putting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) further out of reach]. The dynamics of the shock mean that in 2020 the region will experience the widest output gaps in decades. Absent of sift and effective actions, the pandemic will slow potential growth in the region by weakening investment, human capital, and the supply chains that have been an important conduit for productivity gains over the past decade.

Debt --- Digital Finance --- Fiscal Buffer --- Growth --- Inrastructure --- Undernutrition

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This handbook will provide a comprehensive treatment of the gamut of issues and challenges that exist through the development of both cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology. This will not be confined to simply the investment potential within these new technological areas. We will examine the challenges in the regulatory, legal, taxation, accounting, modelling, ethical, macroeconomic impact and internationalization issues. Research on cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology has identified issues such as pricing abnormalities and bubble-like behavior, indicating that these new assets are highly speculative in nature, contain a growing number of legal abnormalities (such as the hacking of exchanges and broad theft of investor assets) and a growing number of significant regulatory issues. It is paramount that we investigate each of these issues in great detail to help to determine whether cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology merits consideration as a sustainable alternative investment asset. The handbook will be useful for specialist technical audiences such as legal, accounting and financial practices. It will also be beneficial for upper level masters and research students in economics, law, accounting, taxation, investment and portfolio management.

Money. Monetary policy --- Computer. Automation --- Cryptocurrencies. --- Blockchains (Databases) --- Alternative Investments. --- Blockchain Technology. --- Cryptocurrency. --- Digital Finance. --- Financial Markets. --- BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Finance / General. --- Block chains (Databases) --- Database security --- Distributed databases --- Crypto coins --- Cryptocoins --- Digital currency