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Modus Vivendi is a collection of essays by scholars who seek to discover lay men and women within the projects of reform and renewal in later medieval Europe. Religious life was never without change, yet religious orders, preachers, and institutions of learning proclaimed their desire to make religious life more sincere. In doing so, they occasionally developed a mission to lay people alongside professional religious. Such encounters with the laity – through the writing of theology in the vernacular, in the delivery of charismatic preaching, in the operation of inquisition into heresy, in the composition of new liturgies, and through networks of patronage – created modes of living religion – modus vivendi – of creativity as well as discipline. They contributed to religious life beyond the routine provisions of parish life, and often included women in novel ways.Modus Vivendi spans European regions across the period 1350-1500 in its studies, based on texts, objects, and images which have been little studied so far

Ancient and medieval history --- Religion --- Christian life --- Church history --- Laity --- History --- Catholic Church --- Reformation --- Vie chrétienne --- Église --- Laïcat --- Réforme --- Église catholique --- 27 "04/14" --- 27 "04/14" Histoire de l'Eglise--Middeleeuwen --- 27 "04/14" Kerkgeschiedenis--Middeleeuwen --- Histoire de l'Eglise--Middeleeuwen --- Kerkgeschiedenis--Middeleeuwen --- Christian church history --- anno 500-1499 --- Europe --- Christian life - History - Middle Ages, 600-1500 --- Church history - Middle Ages, 600-1500 --- Laity - Catholic Church - History - To 1500 --- Histoire de l'Église catholique --- Christianisme --- Laïc --- Réforme catholique --- Haut Moyen âge -- 476-987 --- Vie chrétienne --- Église --- Laïcat --- Réforme --- Église catholique

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A study of three hundred years of medieval Franciscan history that focuses on martyrdomWhile hagiographies tell of Christian martyrs who have died in an astonishing number of ways and places, slain by members of many different groups, martyrdom in a Franciscan context generally meant death at Muslim hands; indeed, in Franciscan discourse, "death by Saracen" came to rival or even surpass other definitions of what made a martyr. The centrality of Islam to Franciscan conceptions of martyrdom becomes even more apparent—and problematic—when we realize that many of the martyr narratives were largely invented. Franciscan authors were free to choose the antagonist they wanted, Christopher MacEvitt observes, and they almost always chose Muslims. However, martyrdom in Franciscan accounts rarely leads to conversion of the infidel, nor is it accompanied, as is so often the case in earlier hagiographical accounts, by any miraculous manifestation.If the importance of preaching to infidels was written into the official Franciscan Rule of Order, the Order did not demonstrate much interest in conversion, and the primary efforts of friars in Muslim lands were devoted to preaching not to the native populations but to the Latin Christians—mercenaries, merchants, and captives—living there. Franciscan attitudes toward conversion and martyrdom changed dramatically in the beginning of the fourteenth century, however, when accounts of the martyrdom of four Franciscans said to have died while preaching in India were written. The speed with which the accounts of their martyrdom spread had less to do with the world beyond Christendom than with ecclesiastical affairs within, MacEvitt contends. The Martyrdom of the Franciscans shows how, for Franciscans, martyrdom accounts could at once offer veiled critique of papal policies toward the Order, a substitute for the rigorous pursuit of poverty, and a symbolic way to overcome Islam by denying Muslims the solace of conversion.

Martyrdom --- Christianity and other religions --- Christian martyrs --- Church history --- Christianity&delete& --- History --- Islam --- Franciscans --- Alcantarines --- Bernardyni --- Cordeliers --- Discalced Friars Minor --- Família Franciscana --- Frades Menores --- Frailes Menores --- Franciscains --- Franciscains mineurs --- Franciscan Discalceati --- Franciscan Order --- Franciscan Reformati --- Franciszkanie --- Frant︠s︡iskanskiĭ orden --- Frant︠s︡iskant︠s︡y --- Frati minori --- Fratres minores --- Frères mineurs --- Friars, Gray --- Friars Minor --- Gråbrøderne --- Gray Friars --- Grey Friars --- Mala braća --- Minderbrüder --- Minoriten --- Minorites --- O.F.M. --- Observants --- OFM --- Ojcowie Franciszkanie --- Ordem dos Frades Menores --- Ordem dos Franciscanos --- Ordem Franciscana --- Orden de Frailes Menores --- Orden de los Frailes Menores --- Orden Franciscana --- Orden sv. Frant︠s︡iska --- Order of Friars Minor --- Ordine dei Frati Minori --- Ordine dei minori --- Ordre des frères franciscains mineurs --- Ordo Fratrum Minorum --- Reformati --- Reformed Franciscans --- Seraphic Order --- Capuchins --- Conventuals --- Franciscan Recollects --- Christianity --- Martyrs --- Death --- Suffering --- Middle Ages, 600-1500 --- Religious aspects --- 271.3 --- 271.3 Franciskanen. Minderbroeders --- Franciskanen. Minderbroeders --- Christian martyrs. --- Christianity. --- HISTORY / Medieval. --- Interfaith relations. --- Islam. --- Middle Ages. --- History. --- Franciscans. --- To 1500. --- Islamic countries. --- Martyrium. --- Franziskaner. --- Medieval and Renaissance Studies. --- Religion. --- Religious Studies. --- Martyrdom - Christianity - History. --- Christianity and other religions - Islam. --- Christian martyrs - Islamic countries. --- Church history - Middle Ages, 600-1500. --- Martyres