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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Science: general issues --- Physiology --- Clinical application --- Cardiovascular physiome models --- Neurovascular and cerebrospinal fluid multi-scale models --- Organ based model --- Homeostasis and Hormonal system model

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Neutrophils regulate immune responses during homeostasis as well as disease pathogenesis. Especially, the neutrophils extracellular traps largely contribute to necroinflammation. This book highlights the role of neutrophils and neutrophils extracellular traps in various sterile and non-sterile, acute and chronic inflammatory conditions affecting both human and animal health.

Medicine --- head-and-neck cancer --- metastasis --- neutrophils --- NETs --- NETosis --- innate immunity --- G-CSF --- neutrophils extracellular traps --- ophthalmology --- diseases --- neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) --- Alzheimer’s disease --- multiple sclerosis --- ischemic stroke --- meningitis --- central nervous system --- brain --- neurons --- brain–blood barrier --- equine recurrent uveitis --- horse --- cathelicidin --- neutrophil extracellular traps --- Candida albicans --- quorum sensing --- farnesol --- cerebrospinal fluid --- adults --- children --- infection --- chemokines --- cytokines --- borrelia --- virus --- hemozoin --- plasma --- fibrinogen --- platelet --- malaria --- NLRP3 inflammasome --- IL-1β --- cardiovascular disease --- inflammation --- diabetes --- obesity --- liver injury --- neutrophil extracellular trap --- myeloperoxidase --- carbon tetrachloride --- autoimmunity --- autoimmune diseases --- autoantigens --- SARS-CoV-2 --- coronavirus --- complement --- thrombosis --- MERS-CoV --- necroinflammation --- periodontitis --- neutrophil functions --- n/a --- Alzheimer's disease --- brain-blood barrier

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Neutrophils regulate immune responses during homeostasis as well as disease pathogenesis. Especially, the neutrophils extracellular traps largely contribute to necroinflammation. This book highlights the role of neutrophils and neutrophils extracellular traps in various sterile and non-sterile, acute and chronic inflammatory conditions affecting both human and animal health.

Medicine --- head-and-neck cancer --- metastasis --- neutrophils --- NETs --- NETosis --- innate immunity --- G-CSF --- neutrophils extracellular traps --- ophthalmology --- diseases --- neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) --- Alzheimer's disease --- multiple sclerosis --- ischemic stroke --- meningitis --- central nervous system --- brain --- neurons --- brain-blood barrier --- equine recurrent uveitis --- horse --- cathelicidin --- neutrophil extracellular traps --- Candida albicans --- quorum sensing --- farnesol --- cerebrospinal fluid --- adults --- children --- infection --- chemokines --- cytokines --- borrelia --- virus --- hemozoin --- plasma --- fibrinogen --- platelet --- malaria --- NLRP3 inflammasome --- IL-1β --- cardiovascular disease --- inflammation --- diabetes --- obesity --- liver injury --- neutrophil extracellular trap --- myeloperoxidase --- carbon tetrachloride --- autoimmunity --- autoimmune diseases --- autoantigens --- SARS-CoV-2 --- coronavirus --- complement --- thrombosis --- MERS-CoV --- necroinflammation --- periodontitis --- neutrophil functions

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Microbial virulence factors encompass a wide range of molecules produced by pathogenic microorganisms, enhancing their ability to evade their host defenses and cause disease. This broad definition comprises secreted products such as toxins, enzymes, exopolysaccharides, as well as cell surface structures such as capsules, lipopolysaccharides, glyco- and lipoproteins. Intracellular changes in metabolic regulatory networks, governed by protein sensors/regulators and non-coding regulatory RNAs, are also known to contribute to virulence. Furthermore, some secreted microbial products have the ability to enter the host cell and manipulate their machinery, contributing to the success of the infection. The knowledge, at the molecular level, of the biology of microbial pathogens and their virulence factors is central in the development of novel therapeutic molecules and strategies to combat microbial infections. The present collection comprises state of the art research and review papers on virulence factors and mechanisms of a wide range of bacterial and fungal pathogens for humans, animals, and plants, thus reflecting the impact of microorganisms in health and economic human activities, and the importance of the topic.

Aeromonas hydrophila --- LysR-family --- ΔlahS --- global regulator --- virulence --- Sclerotinia sclerotiorum --- SsNsd1 --- compound appressorium --- two-dimensional electrophoresis --- proteomics analysis --- differential expression proteins --- cystic fibrosis --- Pseudomonas aeruginosa --- Burkholderia cepacia complex --- small noncoding regulatory RNAs --- pathogenicity --- usg --- truA --- Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium --- oxidative stress --- intracellular survival --- pathogenomics --- coagulase-negative staphylococci --- virulence factors --- whole genome sequencing --- autotransporter --- covalent labeling --- bacterial surface protein --- SpyCatcher --- topology mapping --- virulence factor --- Candida --- host-pathogen interaction --- biofilm formation --- morphology --- immune evasion --- Trueperella pyogenes --- pyolysin --- infection --- immune response --- Actinomycetales --- Bordetella pertussis --- Hfq --- omics analysis --- T3SS --- serum resistance --- solute-binding proteins --- phytoplasma --- effector protein --- apple --- apple proliferation --- bacteria --- blood–brain barrier --- blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier --- meningitis --- outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) --- Candida albicans --- antimicrobial peptides --- complement --- interspecies interactions --- inter-kingdom protection --- fungicidal activity --- fluconazole --- hyphae --- antimicrobial peptide --- EDTA --- primary ciliary dyskinesia --- anti-virulence --- sputum --- chronic infection --- Enterobacterales --- Klebsiella --- Enterobacter --- Citrobacter --- antibiotic resistance --- biofilm --- SPATEs --- UTIs --- cytotoxicity --- serine proteases --- 5637 bladder cells --- mucin --- gelatin --- actin --- protease Lon --- Dickeya solani --- plant pathogen --- motility --- type III secretion system --- resistance to stress --- lon expression --- pectinolytic enzymes --- gene expression --- manipulation --- inflammation --- persistence --- replicative niche --- actin proteolysis --- metalloproteinases --- protease ECP 32 --- grimelysin --- protealysin --- bacterial invasion --- microbial virulence factors --- bacterial pathogens --- fungal pathogens

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For a long time, the tight junction (TJ) was known to form and regulate the paracellular barrier between epithelia and endothelial cell sheets. Starting shortly after the discovery of the proteins forming the TJ—mainly the two families of claudins and TAMPs—several other functions have been discovered, a striking one being the surprising finding that some claudins form paracellular channels for small ions and/or water. This Special Issue includes 43 articles covering numerous dedicated topics including pathogens affecting the TJ barrier, TJ regulation via immune cells, the TJ as a therapeutic target, TJ and cell polarity, function and regulation by proteins of the tricellular TJ, TJ as a regulator of cellular processes, organ- and tissue-specific functions, TJ as sensors and reacting to environmental conditions, and last but not least, TJ proteins and cancer.

Medicine --- tissue barrier --- tight junction --- claudins --- tricellulin --- tight junctions --- organ preservation --- intestine --- transplantation --- ischemia --- intestinal mucosa --- lung --- epithelia --- interleukin 13 --- UBE2Z --- ubiquitin --- osmolality --- hydrostatic pressure --- cancer --- sensor --- tricellular tight junctions --- endometrial cancer --- epithelial barrier dysfunction --- Claudin-7 --- permeability --- WNK4 --- epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), collecting duct cells --- claudin-1 --- hydrogen peroxide --- phosphorylation --- claudin --- angulin --- drug development --- angubindin-1 --- Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin --- Clostridium perfringens iota-toxin --- antibody --- Mz-ChA-1 cells --- biliary epithelial cells --- phosphatidylcholine --- mucus --- paracellular transport --- atopic dermatitis --- cytokines --- STAT3 --- ZO-2 --- cholestasis --- gene transcription --- hypertrophy --- tumor suppressor --- NLS --- NES --- CaSR --- RhoA --- barrier function --- paracellular permeability --- antidiuretic hormone --- Claudin-14 --- CLDN14 --- hearing loss --- vestibular function --- cochlear implantation --- Hepatitis C Virus --- viral entry --- epidermal barrier --- reconstructed human epidermis --- claudin targeting --- Campylobacter jejuni --- curcumin --- apoptosis --- co-culture --- mouse colon --- TNF --- NFκB --- lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor (LSR) --- epithelial barrier --- cell–cell contact --- caspase --- kidney stones --- ion reabsorption --- quercetin --- brain barriers --- blood-brain barrier --- neurovascular unit --- blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier --- arachnoid barrier --- glia limitans --- adherens junctions --- paracellular sodium transport --- thick ascending limb --- nephropathy --- HELIX syndrome --- hypokalemia --- hypermagnesemia --- anhidrosis --- gland dysfunction --- aging --- blood–brain barrier --- mutations --- kidney --- liver --- skin --- human --- mice --- disease --- in silico --- drug discovery --- membrane proteins --- protein interactions --- molecular dynamics --- antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis --- Klebsiella oxytoca --- tight junction assembly --- monocytes --- celiac disease --- claudin-2 --- epithelium --- inflammation --- fibrosis --- proliferation --- migration --- tricellular tight junction --- paracellular water transport --- tight epithelium --- MDCK C7 cells --- cell growth --- endothelia --- adherens junction --- apical junctional complex --- AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) --- paracellular barrier --- protein structure --- protein domain --- occludin --- junctional adhesion molecule --- zonula occludens --- MAGUK proteins --- PDZ domain --- stem cell --- chemoresistance --- retinal pigment epithelium --- retinopathy --- barrier formation --- collecting duct --- claudin-5 --- neuropathic pain --- nerve injury --- dorsal root ganglion --- enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) --- tight junctions (TJ) --- polarity --- atypical aPKCζ --- transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) --- sorting nexin 9 (SNX9) --- EspF --- claudin 1 --- tumor --- metastasis --- epithelial to mesenchymal transition --- cerebral cavernous malformation --- endothelial barrier --- Rho --- ROCK --- MEKK3 --- ion transport --- ion channel --- super-resolution microscopy --- structured illumination microscopy --- stimulated emission depletion --- single molecule localization microscopy --- Claudin --- blood-biliary barrier --- chronic liver disease --- hepatocellular carcinoma --- cholangiocellular carcinoma --- NISCH syndrome --- repair --- NHE2 --- ClC-2 --- inflammatory bowel disease --- mucosal immunology --- ZO-1 --- actomyosin --- aquaporin --- drinking rate --- epithelial fluid transport --- enterocyte --- osmoregulation --- paracellular --- proximal tubule --- calcium permeability --- claudin-12 --- paracellular channels and barriers --- cell polarity --- pathogens --- immune cells --- environmental sensors