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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

neurotrophic factors --- BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) --- NGF (nerve growth factor) --- CNS—central nervous system --- neuronal plasticity

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From an evolutionary perspective, our species has relied upon physical activity for most of its history to survive and has had to escape from predators, to scavenge for food, and to use physique to work or build necessary means for everyday life. Physical activity has been part of our evolution and progress since the very beginning and, consequently, our entire body has been programmed to be active physically. In the last 20 years, scientific research has increasingly shown that our ancient survival principle has beneficial effects not only on the cells and organs involved in physical activities but on the metabolism of the entire organism, influencing the homeostasis and integration of all bodily functions, likely stimulating the production of hormones and other regulatory molecules, with each affecting vital signalling pathways. Most of the web of factors involved in molecular signalling upon exercise are suspected to be centrally controlled by the brain, which has been reported to be deeply modified by physical activity. Such complexity requires a multifaceted approach to shed light on the molecular interactions that occur between physical activity and its outcome at a cellular level.

TFRC --- single nucleotide polymorphism --- high-density lipoprotein --- blood cell counts --- epigenetics --- intestinal microbiome --- iron metabolism --- Irisin --- exercise and health --- healthy lifestyle --- physical exercise --- single nucleotide polymorphisms --- Taiwan biobank --- obesity --- glucokinase-regulator --- ?-actinin --- body mass index --- hepatic lipase --- Taiwan Biobank --- genotyping --- myokines --- DNA-methylation --- NK --- brain health --- gene expression --- ferritin --- exercise and aging --- exercise --- endurance --- antihypertensive therapy --- genetics --- gut microbiome --- ketogenic diet --- inflammation --- PCBP1 --- PCBP2 --- marathon runners --- natural killer cell --- behavior --- aerobic exercise --- exercise and neurodegeneration --- BDNF --- gut microbiota --- physical activity --- performance --- lactate --- sport --- ketogenic diet and fat --- body fat

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The focus of this Special Issue is “Nutrition and the Central Nervous System”. The brain is, as a very specialized and one of the most metabolically active organs of the body, dependent on a steady and sufficient supply of dietary ingredients. The critical role of the diet for brain development as well as for proper CNS functioning and the possible preventative roles against neurodegenerative and neurological conditions is commonly accepted. The overarching aim of this Special Issue is pinpointing the mechanisms of action and publishing state-of-the-art contributions discussing the roles that nutritional compounds play in the development, maintenance, and aging of the CNS.

dipeptide --- dopamine --- hippocampus --- memory --- monoamine oxidase B --- milk --- hypothalamus --- nucleus accumbens --- reward --- appetite --- palatability --- major depressive disorder --- Chinese herbal formula --- corticosterone --- BDNF --- oxidative stress --- probiotics --- microbiota --- beneficial bacteria --- psychobiotics --- human health --- neurodegenerative diseases --- neuroinflammation --- apoptosis --- synaptic dysfunction --- IRS1 --- serine phosphorylation --- diabetes --- aging --- Alzheimer’s disease --- memory decline --- Aβ --- AMPK --- energy depletion --- S-equol --- 17β-estradiol --- estrogen receptor alpha --- cell cycle --- β-Amyloid --- microbiome --- microbiota-gut-brain axis --- ADHD --- attention-deficit-hyperactive-disorder --- Angelica gigas --- mild cognitive impairment --- traumatic brain injury --- chronic mild stress --- children --- cingulum --- development --- dietary sugar --- fructose

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This book is focused on the existing gap between the theoretical bioactivity of (poly)phenols and their real influence in terms of health, once ingested. Due to this, new studies are needed and some examples of new tendencies are included from in vitro and in vivo models which allow for exploring bioaccessibility, bioavailability, and bioactivity, that need to be developed to understand the actual importance of consuming functional foods, rich in these plant secondary metabolites. Moreover, current new strategies need to be developed to enhance the content of these foods, as well as setting up new formulations rich in bioaccessible and bioavailable compounds. Altogether, it could provide a new perspective in therapy, expanding the use of these natural functional compounds, ingredients, and foods in the clinical frame, reducing the use of synthetic drugs. As a result, the joint contribution of multidisciplinary experts from the areas of food science, health, and nutrition, together with the industrial sector, would help to reach these objectives. Taking this into account, diverse studies have been included in this study, which comprises different strategies to approach these objectives from different, complementary, points of view, ranging from the enrichment of by-products in bioactive compounds, through different agricultural techniques, to the assimilation of these compounds by the human body, both in vitro and in vivo, as well as by clinical studies.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Food & society --- cognitive function --- polyphenols --- flavonoids --- CREB protein --- BDNF --- memory --- fruits and vegetables --- cerebral blood flow --- polydatin --- resveratrol --- urate crystals --- pyrophosphate crystals --- crystal-induced inflammation --- dietary intervention --- maqui-citrus juice --- flavanones --- urinary excretion --- UHPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS --- obesity --- Hibiscus sabdariffa --- Lippia citriodora --- olive --- salinity --- osmolytes --- adaptation --- secondary metabolism --- plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) --- net photosynthesis --- oleuropein --- water use efficiency (WUE) --- phenolic compounds --- HPLC-DAD --- fluorescence detection --- flavan-3-ols --- procyanidins --- ORAC --- (+)-catechin --- (−)-epicatechin --- dark chocolate --- cranberry --- periodontal diseases --- dental biofilm --- antibacterial activity --- anti-biofilm activity --- F. nucleatum --- P. gingivalis --- A. actinomycetemcomitans --- (poly)phenols --- bioactivity --- bioavailability --- inflammation --- secondary metabolites --- antibacterial --- antioxidant --- diet --- fruit --- vegetables --- cognitive function --- polyphenols --- flavonoids --- CREB protein --- BDNF --- memory --- fruits and vegetables --- cerebral blood flow --- polydatin --- resveratrol --- urate crystals --- pyrophosphate crystals --- crystal-induced inflammation --- dietary intervention --- maqui-citrus juice --- flavanones --- urinary excretion --- UHPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS --- obesity --- Hibiscus sabdariffa --- Lippia citriodora --- olive --- salinity --- osmolytes --- adaptation --- secondary metabolism --- plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) --- net photosynthesis --- oleuropein --- water use efficiency (WUE) --- phenolic compounds --- HPLC-DAD --- fluorescence detection --- flavan-3-ols --- procyanidins --- ORAC --- (+)-catechin --- (−)-epicatechin --- dark chocolate --- cranberry --- periodontal diseases --- dental biofilm --- antibacterial activity --- anti-biofilm activity --- F. nucleatum --- P. gingivalis --- A. actinomycetemcomitans --- (poly)phenols --- bioactivity --- bioavailability --- inflammation --- secondary metabolites --- antibacterial --- antioxidant --- diet --- fruit --- vegetables

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The book highlights important aspects of Molecular Psychiatry, including molecular mechanisms, animal models, biomarkers, advanced methods, drugs and antidepressant response, as well as genetics and epigenetics. Molecular mechanisms are a vital part of the search for the biological basis of psychiatric disorders, providing molecular hints that can later be tested as biomarkers or targets for drug development. Animal models represent a commonly used approach to aid in this bench-to-bed translation; the examples here are social defeat stress and the Roman High-Avoidance (RHA) and the Roman Low-Avoidance (RLA) rats. For biomarkers, psychiatric disorders pose a particular challenge due to the tissue specificity of many currently investigated biomarkers; i.e., not all blood-based measures directly represent changes in the brain. The Ebook includes five articles focused on the challenges of identifying clinically and biologically relevant biomarkers for psychiatric disorders. Scientific progress typically is fostered by the development of new methods. The application of machine learning methods for the proper analysis of Big Data and induced pluripotent stem cells are examples outlined in this Ebook. Furthermore, three articles are devoted to the understanding of the mechanisms of actions of existing drugs with the ultimate goal of identifying ways to predict treatment response in patients. Finally, three articles deepen the insight into the genetics and epigenetics of psychiatric disorders.

Medicine --- Mental health services --- cardiovascular disease --- cell adhesion molecules --- immunology --- inflammation --- nervous system --- schizophrenia --- bipolar disorder --- major depressive disorder --- DNA methylation --- response variability --- antipsychotics --- drug design --- multi-target drugs --- polypharmacology --- multi-task learning --- machine learning --- biomarker discovery --- psychiatry --- serotonin --- 5-HT 4 receptor --- 5-HT4R --- depression --- mood disorder --- expression --- Alzheimer's disease --- cognition --- Parkinson's disease --- forced swimming --- Roman rat lines --- stress --- hippocampus --- BDNF --- trkB --- PSA-NCAM --- western blot --- immunohistochemistry --- general cognitive function --- intelligence --- GWAS --- genetic correlation --- childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) --- induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) --- copy number variation (CNV) --- early neurodevelopment --- neuronal differentiation --- synapse --- dendritic arborization --- miRNAs --- stress physiology --- cytoskeleton --- actin dynamics --- DRR1 --- TU3A --- FAM107A --- acid sphingomyelinase --- alcohol dependence --- liver enzymes --- sphingolipid metabolism --- withdrawal --- Hsp90 --- GR --- stress response --- steroid hormones --- molecular chaperones --- psychiatric disease --- circadian rhythms --- FKBP51 --- FKBP52 --- CyP40 --- PP5 --- DISC1 --- neurodevelopment --- CRMP-2 --- proteomics --- antidepressant treatment --- HPA axis --- gene expression --- FKBP5 --- sleep --- sleep EEG --- biomarkers --- antidepressants --- cordance --- gender --- sex difference --- antidepressant --- rapid-acting --- Ketamine --- endocrinology --- (2R,6R)-Hydroxynorketamine --- electroconvulsive therapy --- basic-helix-loop-helix --- brain --- coactivator --- glucocorticoids --- mineralocorticoid receptor knockout --- transcription biology --- dopaminergic gene polymorphisms --- affective temperament --- obesity --- alpha-synuclein --- SNCA --- major depression --- Hamilton Scale of Depression --- chemokines --- neuroinflammation --- social defeat --- Immune response --- T cells --- susceptibility --- resilience --- Treg cells --- Th17 cells --- behavior --- PPARγ --- cardiovascular disease --- cell adhesion molecules --- immunology --- inflammation --- nervous system --- schizophrenia --- bipolar disorder --- major depressive disorder --- DNA methylation --- response variability --- antipsychotics --- drug design --- multi-target drugs --- polypharmacology --- multi-task learning --- machine learning --- biomarker discovery --- psychiatry --- serotonin --- 5-HT 4 receptor --- 5-HT4R --- depression --- mood disorder --- expression --- Alzheimer's disease --- cognition --- Parkinson's disease --- forced swimming --- Roman rat lines --- stress --- hippocampus --- BDNF --- trkB --- PSA-NCAM --- western blot --- immunohistochemistry --- general cognitive function --- intelligence --- GWAS --- genetic correlation --- childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) --- induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) --- copy number variation (CNV) --- early neurodevelopment --- neuronal differentiation --- synapse --- dendritic arborization --- miRNAs --- stress physiology --- cytoskeleton --- actin dynamics --- DRR1 --- TU3A --- FAM107A --- acid sphingomyelinase --- alcohol dependence --- liver enzymes --- sphingolipid metabolism --- withdrawal --- Hsp90 --- GR --- stress response --- steroid hormones --- molecular chaperones --- psychiatric disease --- circadian rhythms --- FKBP51 --- FKBP52 --- CyP40 --- PP5 --- DISC1 --- neurodevelopment --- CRMP-2 --- proteomics --- antidepressant treatment --- HPA axis --- gene expression --- FKBP5 --- sleep --- sleep EEG --- biomarkers --- antidepressants --- cordance --- gender --- sex difference --- antidepressant --- rapid-acting --- Ketamine --- endocrinology --- (2R,6R)-Hydroxynorketamine --- electroconvulsive therapy --- basic-helix-loop-helix --- brain --- coactivator --- glucocorticoids --- mineralocorticoid receptor knockout --- transcription biology --- dopaminergic gene polymorphisms --- affective temperament --- obesity --- alpha-synuclein --- SNCA --- major depression --- Hamilton Scale of Depression --- chemokines --- neuroinflammation --- social defeat --- Immune response --- T cells --- susceptibility --- resilience --- Treg cells --- Th17 cells --- behavior --- PPARγ