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This book aims to examine the context and practice of national parks regarding a countries’ obligations to safeguard biodiversity through the protection and management of forest-protected areas. The book examines the wider impacts of national parks within the scope of an integrated environmental hub at the global and regional level and eventually delves into the country case. Three areas are covered: theoretical underpinnings and concepts related to national parks, exploring their various modalities and integrated concerns for the environment; an empirical review in lieu of effective management of protected areas as defined by the World Conservation Union IUCN, addressing the efficient use of human and material resources, including national/agency-protected area regulations and legislation, policies, international conventions and designations, management plans, and/or agreements associated with those areas; and evaluation of challenges underlying a country’s intention to gauge the potential of a national park and pinpoint adequate attention on exploiting new strategies for national park management.

Biodiversity conservation. --- Forest biodiversity conservation. --- Forest reserves. --- Conservation of forest biodiversity --- Forest biodiversity --- Forest biological diversity conservation --- Biodiversity conservation --- Forest conservation --- Biodiversity --- Biological diversity conservation --- Conservation of biodiversity --- Diversity conservation, Biological --- Gender mainstreaming in biodiversity conservation --- Maintenance of biological diversity --- Preservation of biological diversity --- Conservation of natural resources --- Ecosystem management --- Forest management areas --- Forest parks --- Forest preserves --- Forest protected areas --- Forests, National --- Forests, State --- Management areas, Forest --- National forests --- Parks, Forest --- Preserves, Forest --- Reserves, Forest --- State forests --- Natural monuments --- Natural resources conservation areas --- Protected areas --- Public lands --- National parks and reserves --- Conservation --- Conservation of the environment

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Ecologists and economists both use models to help develop strategies for biodiversity management. The practical use of disciplinary models, however, can be limited because ecological models tend not to address the socioeconomic dimension of biodiversity management, whereas economic models tend to neglect the ecological dimension. Given these shortcomings of disciplinary models, there is a necessity to combine ecological and economic knowledge into ecological-economic models. Gradually guiding the reader into the field of ecological-economic modelling by introducing mathematical models and their role in general, this book provides an overview on ecological and economic modelling approaches relevant for research in the field of biodiversity conservation. It discusses the advantages of and challenges associated with ecological-economic modelling, together with an overview of useful ways of integration. Although being a book about mathematical modelling, ecological and economic concepts play an equally important role, making it accessible for readers from very different disciplinary backgrounds.

Biodiversity conservation --- Ecosystem management --- Environmental economics. --- Economics --- Environmental quality --- Biotic communities --- Ecosystems management --- Applied ecology --- Environmental management --- Nature conservation --- Biodiversity --- Biological diversity conservation --- Conservation of biodiversity --- Diversity conservation, Biological --- Gender mainstreaming in biodiversity conservation --- Maintenance of biological diversity --- Preservation of biological diversity --- Conservation of natural resources --- Mathematical models. --- Econometric models. --- Statistical methods. --- Environmental aspects --- Economic aspects --- Management --- Conservation

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Terrestrial Mammal Conservation provides a thorough summary of the available scientific evidence of what is known, or not known, about the effectiveness of all of the conservation actions for wild terrestrial mammals across the world (excluding bats and primates, which are covered in separate synopses). Actions are organized into categories based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature classifications of direct threats and conservation actions. Over the course of fifteen chapters, the authors consider interventions as wide ranging as creating uncultivated margins around fields, prescribed burning, setting hunting quotas and removing non-native mammals. This book is written in an accessible style and is designed to be an invaluable resource for anyone concerned with the practical conservation of terrestrial mammals. The authors consulted an international group of terrestrial mammal experts and conservationists to produce this synopsis. Funding was provided by the MAVA Foundation, Arcadia and National Geographic Big Cats Initiative. Terrestrial Mammal Conservation is the seventeenth publication in the Conservation Evidence Series, linked to the online resource www.ConservationEvidence.com. Conservation Evidence Synopses are designed to promote a more evidence-based approach to biodiversity conservation. Others in the series include Bat Conservation, Primate Conservation, Bird Conservation and Forest Conservation and more are in preparation. Expert assessment of the evidence summarised within synopses is provided online and within the annual publication What Works in Conservation.

Wildlife conservation. --- Animal conservation --- Animals --- Conservation of wildlife --- Preservation of wildlife --- Protection of wildlife --- Species conservation --- Species preservation --- Species protection --- Wildlife preservation --- Wildlife protection --- Wildlife resources conservation --- Wildlife resources preservation --- Wildlife resources protection --- Conservation of natural resources --- Nature conservation --- Endangered species --- Wildlife management --- Conservation --- Biodiversity conservation. --- Biodiversity --- Biological diversity conservation --- Conservation of biodiversity --- Diversity conservation, Biological --- Gender mainstreaming in biodiversity conservation --- Maintenance of biological diversity --- Preservation of biological diversity --- Ecosystem management

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Protected areas have often been defined as the backbones of biodiversity conservation. However, legitimate demands formulated by countries for their economic development, growing human populations, forest fragmentations, and needs of local communities for sustainable livelihoods are also pressing demands on protected areas, stringently pressuring conservation community to identify means to reconcile long term biodiversity conservation and communities’ livelihoods. Hence, integrating conservation activities within the global framework of economic development of countries with high biodiversity had become part of conservation paradigms. Integrated development as a route to conservation, strict protected areas, community managed areas, etc. have been tried but resulted in debatable outcomes in many ways. The lukewarm nature of these results brought ‘landscape approach’ at the front of biodiversity conservation in Central Africa. Since the late 1990s the landscape approach uses large areas with different functional attributes and shifts foundational biodiversity conservation paradigms. Changes are brought to the role traditionally attributed to local communities, aligning sustainable development with conservation and stretching conservation beyond the confines of traditional protected areas. These three shifts need a holistic approach to respond to different conservation questions. There are only a few instances where the landscape experience has been scientifically documented and lessons learnt drawn into a corpus of knowledge to guide future conservation initiatives across Central Africa. To subjugate one biodiversity conservation landscape as one case study emerged as a matter of urgency to present the potential knowledge acquired throughout the landscape experiment, including leadership and management, processes tried, results (at least partially) achieved, and why such and such other process or management arrangement were been chosen among many other alternatives, etc. The challenges of the implementation of the conservation landscape approach needed also to be documented. This book responds to the majority of these questions; drawing its content from the firsthand field knowledge, it discusses these shifts and documents what has been tried, how successful (unsuccessful) it was, and what lessons learnt from these trials. Theoretical questions such as threat index, and ecological services, etc. are also discussed and gaps in knowledge are identified.

Ecology . --- Technology. --- Bioethics. --- Nature conservation. --- Ecology. --- Applied Science, multidisciplinary. --- Nature Conservation. --- Landscape protection --- Biodiversity conservation --- Biodiversity --- Biological diversity conservation --- Conservation of biodiversity --- Diversity conservation, Biological --- Gender mainstreaming in biodiversity conservation --- Maintenance of biological diversity --- Preservation of biological diversity --- Conservation of natural resources --- Ecosystem management --- Beautification of the landscape --- Conservation of landscapes --- Conservation of scenic beauty --- Conservation of scenic resources --- Landscape --- Natural beauty conservation --- Preservation of natural scenery --- Preservation of scenic resources --- Protection of landscapes --- Protection of scenic beauty --- Protection of scenic resources --- Scenery preservation --- Environmental protection --- Nature conservation --- Environmentally sensitive areas --- Landscape assessment --- Regional planning --- Conservation --- Protection --- Conservation of nature --- Nature --- Nature protection --- Protection of nature --- Applied ecology --- Conservation biology --- Endangered ecosystems --- Natural areas --- Biology --- Biomedical ethics --- Life sciences --- Life sciences ethics --- Science --- Applied science --- Arts, Useful --- Science, Applied --- Useful arts --- Industrial arts --- Material culture --- Balance of nature --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Moral and ethical aspects --- Ecology

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We are witnessing an alarming, global biodiversity crisis with an ongoing loss of species and their habitats. In response, a number of tools and approaches – including some that are contested – are being explored and promoted. Biodiversity offsets are one such approach, and deserve critical examination since the debate surrounding them has often been oversimplified and lacking practical evidence. As such, this study presents a refined typology including seven types of biodiversity offsets and taking into account different contexts, governance arrangements and drivers. It draws on a detailed analysis of theoretical concepts to explain the voluntary implementation of biodiversity offsets using an internet-based (netnographic) research approach. Furthermore it builds on a broad global explorative base of 72 practical examples and presents in-depth case studies for each type. The results reveal a number of global tendencies that allow recommendations to be made for different locations, contexts and stakeholders. They also encourage the expansion of this research field to respond to the pressing needs of policy and practice.

Biodiversity conservation. --- Carbon offsetting. --- Carbon offset trade --- Carbon trading --- Carbon dioxide mitigation --- Emissions trading --- Biodiversity --- Biological diversity conservation --- Conservation of biodiversity --- Diversity conservation, Biological --- Gender mainstreaming in biodiversity conservation --- Maintenance of biological diversity --- Preservation of biological diversity --- Conservation of natural resources --- Ecosystem management --- Conservation --- Biodiversity. --- Ecosystems. --- Conservation biology. --- Ecology . --- Wildlife. --- Fish. --- Aquatic ecology . --- Applied ecology. --- Conservation Biology/Ecology. --- Fish & Wildlife Biology & Management. --- Freshwater & Marine Ecology. --- Applied Ecology. --- Ecology --- Environmental protection --- Nature conservation --- Aquatic biology --- Fish --- Pisces --- Aquatic animals --- Vertebrates --- Fisheries --- Fishing --- Ichthyology --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Biocenoses --- Biocoenoses --- Biogeoecology --- Biological communities --- Biomes --- Biotic community ecology --- Communities, Biotic --- Community ecology, Biotic --- Ecological communities --- Ecosystems --- Natural communities --- Biological diversification --- Biological diversity --- Biotic diversity --- Diversification, Biological --- Diversity, Biological --- Biocomplexity --- Ecological heterogeneity --- Numbers of species --- Biodiversitat --- Protecció ambiental --- Conservació ambiental --- Conservació del medi ambient --- Protecció del medi ambient --- Protecció mediambiental --- Ciències ambientals --- Agricultura de conservació --- Avaluació d'impacte ambiental --- Conservació de la natura --- Conservació dels recursos naturals --- Control de la contaminació --- Principi de precaució --- Protecció del paisatge --- Protecció dels sòls --- Normes ISO 14000 --- Política ambiental --- Qualitat ambiental --- Diversitat biològica --- Diversitat d'ecosistemes --- Diversitat d'espècies --- Diversitat genètica --- Biologia --- Ecologia --- Recursos genètics --- Biotic communities. --- Ecology. --- Fishes. --- Aquatic ecology.