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This book focuses on the intelligent processing of images and optical information acquired by various imaging methods. Intelligent image and optical information processing have paved the way for the recent epoch of new intelligence and information era. Certainly, information acquired by various imaging techniques is of tremendous value; thus, an intelligent analysis of them is necessary to make the best use of it. A broad range of research fields is included in this book. Many studies focus on object classification and detection. Registration, segmentation, and fusion are performed between a series of images. Many valuable and up-to-most recent technologies are provided to solve the real problems in selected papers.

History of engineering & technology --- change detection --- NSCT --- variogram function --- structure similarity --- Dongting Lake --- ego-motion estimation --- hand-eye calibration --- IMU --- lidar odometry --- sensor fusion --- texture classification --- Gabor filter --- parameter optimization --- feature selection --- hybrid ant lion optimizer --- wireless multimedia sensor networks --- wildlife monitoring image --- extraction --- Hermite --- adaptive mean-shift --- biomedical imaging --- bone fracture --- calcaneus --- CT image --- segmentation --- zebrafish egg --- microscopy image processing --- convolutional neural network --- digital image correlation --- high-temperature measurement --- heat waves --- thermal disturbance --- background-oriented schlieren --- fermentation monitoring --- quality inspection --- process automation --- deep learning --- superellipsoid model fitting --- optical sensor --- multi-sensor --- face registration --- inner-distance --- Student's-t Mixtures Model --- image fusion --- continuous casting slabs --- surface defect classification --- discrete non-separable shearlet transform --- gray-level co-occurrence matrix --- kernel spectral regression --- block compressed sensing --- error resilience --- reconstruction --- image completion --- tensor decomposition models --- image interpolation --- image up-scaling --- numerical optimization --- ADAM --- machine learning --- stochastic gradient methods --- healthy and infected lemons --- Hyperspectral image --- Penicillium digitatum pathogen --- lemon skin --- dominant spectral wavelength --- spectral intensity ratio --- zebrafish larva --- microscopy image analysis --- deep neural network --- clustering evaluation --- clustering algorithm --- cluster validity index --- boundary point --- interior point --- radiographic image --- image processing --- feature extraction --- classifier --- defect detection --- generative models --- GAN (Generative adversarial networks) --- facial image --- generation --- database augmentation --- synthesis --- autofocus --- night vision goggles --- sparse and low-rank matrix decomposition --- change detection --- NSCT --- variogram function --- structure similarity --- Dongting Lake --- ego-motion estimation --- hand-eye calibration --- IMU --- lidar odometry --- sensor fusion --- texture classification --- Gabor filter --- parameter optimization --- feature selection --- hybrid ant lion optimizer --- wireless multimedia sensor networks --- wildlife monitoring image --- extraction --- Hermite --- adaptive mean-shift --- biomedical imaging --- bone fracture --- calcaneus --- CT image --- segmentation --- zebrafish egg --- microscopy image processing --- convolutional neural network --- digital image correlation --- high-temperature measurement --- heat waves --- thermal disturbance --- background-oriented schlieren --- fermentation monitoring --- quality inspection --- process automation --- deep learning --- superellipsoid model fitting --- optical sensor --- multi-sensor --- face registration --- inner-distance --- Student's-t Mixtures Model --- image fusion --- continuous casting slabs --- surface defect classification --- discrete non-separable shearlet transform --- gray-level co-occurrence matrix --- kernel spectral regression --- block compressed sensing --- error resilience --- reconstruction --- image completion --- tensor decomposition models --- image interpolation --- image up-scaling --- numerical optimization --- ADAM --- machine learning --- stochastic gradient methods --- healthy and infected lemons --- Hyperspectral image --- Penicillium digitatum pathogen --- lemon skin --- dominant spectral wavelength --- spectral intensity ratio --- zebrafish larva --- microscopy image analysis --- deep neural network --- clustering evaluation --- clustering algorithm --- cluster validity index --- boundary point --- interior point --- radiographic image --- image processing --- feature extraction --- classifier --- defect detection --- generative models --- GAN (Generative adversarial networks) --- facial image --- generation --- database augmentation --- synthesis --- autofocus --- night vision goggles --- sparse and low-rank matrix decomposition

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Following the implementation of next-generation sequencing technologies (e.g., exome and genome sequencing) in molecular diagnostics, the majority of genetic defects underlying inherited retinal disease (IRD) can readily be identified. In parallel, opportunities to counteract the molecular consequences of these defects are rapidly emerging, providing hope for personalized medicine. ‘Classical’ gene augmentation therapy has been under study for several genetic subtypes of IRD and can be considered a safe and sometimes effective therapeutic strategy. The recent market approval of the first retinal gene augmentation therapy product (LuxturnaTM, for individuals with bi-allelic RPE65 mutations) by the FDA has not only demonstrated the potential of this specific approach, but also opened avenues for the development of other strategies. However, every gene—or even every mutation—may need a tailor-made therapeutic approach, in order to obtain the most efficacious strategy with minimal risks associated. In addition to gene augmentation therapy, other subtypes of molecular therapy are currently being designed and/or implemented, including splice modulation, DNA or RNA editing, optogenetics and pharmacological modulation. In addition, the development of proper delivery vectors has gained strong attention, and should not be overlooked when designing and testing a novel therapeutic approach. In this Special Issue, we aim to describe the current state of the art of molecular therapeutics for IRD, and discuss existing and novel therapeutic strategies, from idea to implementation, and from bench to bedside.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) --- clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) --- homology-directed repair (HDR) --- Enhanced S-Cone Syndrome (ESCS) --- NR2E3 --- AAV --- retina --- gene therapy --- dual AAV --- gold nanoparticles --- DNA-wrapped gold nanoparticles --- ARPE-19 cells --- retinal pigment epithelium --- clathrin-coated vesicles --- endosomal trafficking --- retinitis pigmentosa --- autosomal dominant --- G56R --- putative dominant negative effect --- gapmer antisense oligonucleotides --- allele-specific knockdown --- Leber congenital amaurosis and allied retinal ciliopathies --- CEP290 --- Flanders founder c.4723A &gt --- T nonsense mutation --- Cilia elongation --- spontaneous nonsense correction --- AON-mediated exon skipping --- microRNA --- photoreceptors --- rods --- cones --- bipolar cells --- Müller glia --- retinal inherited disorders --- retinal degeneration --- antisense oligonucleotides --- Stargardt disease --- inherited retinal diseases --- splicing modulation --- RNA therapy --- ABCA4 --- iPSC-derived photoreceptor precursor cells --- cyclic GMP --- apoptosis --- necrosis --- drug delivery systems --- translational medicine --- Usher syndrome --- Leber congenital amaurosis --- RPE65 --- nonprofit --- patient registry --- translational --- protein trafficking --- protein folding --- protein degradation --- chaperones --- chaperonins --- heat shock response --- unfolded protein response --- autophagy --- therapy --- IRD --- DNA therapies --- RNA therapies --- compound therapies --- clinical trials --- Retinitis Pigmentosa GTPase Regulator --- adeno-associated viral --- Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) --- choroideremia --- REP1 --- inherited retinal disease --- treatment --- apical polarity --- crumbs complex --- fetal retina --- PAR complex --- retinal organoids --- retinogenesis --- gene augmentation --- adeno-associated virus (AAV) --- induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) --- clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) --- homology-directed repair (HDR) --- Enhanced S-Cone Syndrome (ESCS) --- NR2E3 --- AAV --- retina --- gene therapy --- dual AAV --- gold nanoparticles --- DNA-wrapped gold nanoparticles --- ARPE-19 cells --- retinal pigment epithelium --- clathrin-coated vesicles --- endosomal trafficking --- retinitis pigmentosa --- autosomal dominant --- G56R --- putative dominant negative effect --- gapmer antisense oligonucleotides --- allele-specific knockdown --- Leber congenital amaurosis and allied retinal ciliopathies --- CEP290 --- Flanders founder c.4723A &gt --- T nonsense mutation --- Cilia elongation --- spontaneous nonsense correction --- AON-mediated exon skipping --- microRNA --- photoreceptors --- rods --- cones --- bipolar cells --- Müller glia --- retinal inherited disorders --- retinal degeneration --- antisense oligonucleotides --- Stargardt disease --- inherited retinal diseases --- splicing modulation --- RNA therapy --- ABCA4 --- iPSC-derived photoreceptor precursor cells --- cyclic GMP --- apoptosis --- necrosis --- drug delivery systems --- translational medicine --- Usher syndrome --- Leber congenital amaurosis --- RPE65 --- nonprofit --- patient registry --- translational --- protein trafficking --- protein folding --- protein degradation --- chaperones --- chaperonins --- heat shock response --- unfolded protein response --- autophagy --- therapy --- IRD --- DNA therapies --- RNA therapies --- compound therapies --- clinical trials --- Retinitis Pigmentosa GTPase Regulator --- adeno-associated viral --- Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) --- choroideremia --- REP1 --- inherited retinal disease --- treatment --- apical polarity --- crumbs complex --- fetal retina --- PAR complex --- retinal organoids --- retinogenesis --- gene augmentation --- adeno-associated virus (AAV)

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In the past, osseointegration was regarded to be a mode of implant anchorage that simulated a simple wound healing phenomenon. Today, we have evidence that osseointegration is, in fact, a foreign body reaction that involves an immunologically derived bony demarcation of an implant to shield it off from the tissues. Marginal bone resorption around an oral implant cannot be properly understood without realizing the foreign body nature of the implant itself. Whereas the immunological response as such is positive for implant longevity, adverse immunological reactions may cause marginal bone loss in combination with combined factors. Combined factors include the hardware, clinical handling as well as patient characteristics that, even if each one of these factors only produce subliminal trauma, when acting together they may result in loss of marginal bone. The role of bacteria in the process of marginal bone loss is smaller than previously believed due to combined defense mechanisms of inflammation and immunological reactions, but if the defense is failing we may see bacterially induced marginal bone loss as well. However, problems with loss of marginal bone threatening implant survival remains relatively uncommon; we have today 10 years of clinical documentation of five different types of implant displaying a failure rate in the range of only 1 to 4 %.

Medicine --- osseointegration --- dental implant --- peri-implantitis --- ligature-induced peri-implantitis --- aseptic loosening --- systematic review --- immune system --- biomaterials --- foreign body reaction --- in vivo study --- oral implants --- marginal bone loss --- immunomodulation --- mechanotransduction --- Crestal bone loss --- osseosufficiency --- osseoseparation --- photoacoustic ultrasound --- brain–bone axis --- overloading --- radiography --- CBCT (cone beam computerized tomography) --- osteogenesis --- osteotomy --- bone healing --- bone chips --- drilling tool design --- fused deposition modeling --- polyether ether ketone --- biocomposite --- orthopedic implant --- oral implant --- mechanical properties --- wettability --- topography --- biocompatibility --- cell adhesion --- peri-implant endosseous healing --- dental implantation --- alveolar bone loss --- alveolar bone remodeling/regeneration --- bone biology --- finite element analysis (FEA) --- biomechanics --- cell plasticity --- dental implants --- electron microscopy --- scanning transmission electron microscopy --- bone-implant interface --- bone loss --- overdenture --- implant survival --- implant surface --- soft tissue --- split-mouth design --- oral health-related quality of life --- patient-reported outcome measures --- biomaterial --- bone --- immune --- implant --- healing --- titanium --- PEEK --- Cu --- micro-RNA --- microarray --- predictive biomarker --- epigenomics --- mucositis --- diagnosis --- over-treatment --- iatrogenic damage --- abutment height --- subcrestal implants --- implant insertion depth --- vertical mucosal thickness --- biological width --- implant installation --- anchorage technique --- histology --- intraosseous temperature --- finite element model --- ligature induced peri-implantitis --- arthroplasty --- replacement --- hip --- hypersensitivity --- contact --- allergy and immunology --- cytokines --- Interleukin-8 --- surface properties --- materials testing --- implant contamination --- scanning electron microscopy --- energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry --- convergence --- clinical study --- biofilm --- infection --- perio-prosthetic joint infection --- periimplantitis --- electrolytic cleaning --- n/a --- zirconia --- insertion --- bone–implant interface --- heat --- bone damage --- early loss --- augmentation --- air flow --- re-osseointegration --- classification of bone defects --- dog study --- brain-bone axis

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Following the implementation of next-generation sequencing technologies (e.g., exome and genome sequencing) in molecular diagnostics, the majority of genetic defects underlying inherited retinal disease (IRD) can readily be identified. In parallel, opportunities to counteract the molecular consequences of these defects are rapidly emerging, providing hope for personalized medicine. ‘Classical’ gene augmentation therapy has been under study for several genetic subtypes of IRD and can be considered a safe and sometimes effective therapeutic strategy. The recent market approval of the first retinal gene augmentation therapy product (LuxturnaTM, for individuals with bi-allelic RPE65 mutations) by the FDA has not only demonstrated the potential of this specific approach, but also opened avenues for the development of other strategies. However, every gene—or even every mutation—may need a tailor-made therapeutic approach, in order to obtain the most efficacious strategy with minimal risks associated. In addition to gene augmentation therapy, other subtypes of molecular therapy are currently being designed and/or implemented, including splice modulation, DNA or RNA editing, optogenetics and pharmacological modulation. In addition, the development of proper delivery vectors has gained strong attention, and should not be overlooked when designing and testing a novel therapeutic approach. In this Special Issue, we aim to describe the current state of the art of molecular therapeutics for IRD, and discuss existing and novel therapeutic strategies, from idea to implementation, and from bench to bedside.

induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) --- clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) --- homology-directed repair (HDR) --- Enhanced S-Cone Syndrome (ESCS) --- NR2E3 --- AAV --- retina --- gene therapy --- dual AAV --- gold nanoparticles --- DNA-wrapped gold nanoparticles --- ARPE-19 cells --- retinal pigment epithelium --- clathrin-coated vesicles --- endosomal trafficking --- retinitis pigmentosa --- autosomal dominant --- G56R --- putative dominant negative effect --- gapmer antisense oligonucleotides --- allele-specific knockdown --- Leber congenital amaurosis and allied retinal ciliopathies --- CEP290 --- Flanders founder c.4723A &gt --- T nonsense mutation --- Cilia elongation --- spontaneous nonsense correction --- AON-mediated exon skipping --- microRNA --- photoreceptors --- rods --- cones --- bipolar cells --- Müller glia --- retinal inherited disorders --- retinal degeneration --- antisense oligonucleotides --- Stargardt disease --- inherited retinal diseases --- splicing modulation --- RNA therapy --- ABCA4 --- iPSC-derived photoreceptor precursor cells --- cyclic GMP --- apoptosis --- necrosis --- drug delivery systems --- translational medicine --- Usher syndrome --- Leber congenital amaurosis --- RPE65 --- nonprofit --- patient registry --- translational --- protein trafficking --- protein folding --- protein degradation --- chaperones --- chaperonins --- heat shock response --- unfolded protein response --- autophagy --- therapy --- IRD --- DNA therapies --- RNA therapies --- compound therapies --- clinical trials --- Retinitis Pigmentosa GTPase Regulator --- adeno-associated viral --- Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) --- choroideremia --- REP1 --- inherited retinal disease --- treatment --- apical polarity --- crumbs complex --- fetal retina --- PAR complex --- retinal organoids --- retinogenesis --- gene augmentation --- adeno-associated virus (AAV) --- n/a --- Müller glia

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• Reference Manager
• EndNote
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In the past, osseointegration was regarded to be a mode of implant anchorage that simulated a simple wound healing phenomenon. Today, we have evidence that osseointegration is, in fact, a foreign body reaction that involves an immunologically derived bony demarcation of an implant to shield it off from the tissues. Marginal bone resorption around an oral implant cannot be properly understood without realizing the foreign body nature of the implant itself. Whereas the immunological response as such is positive for implant longevity, adverse immunological reactions may cause marginal bone loss in combination with combined factors. Combined factors include the hardware, clinical handling as well as patient characteristics that, even if each one of these factors only produce subliminal trauma, when acting together they may result in loss of marginal bone. The role of bacteria in the process of marginal bone loss is smaller than previously believed due to combined defense mechanisms of inflammation and immunological reactions, but if the defense is failing we may see bacterially induced marginal bone loss as well. However, problems with loss of marginal bone threatening implant survival remains relatively uncommon; we have today 10 years of clinical documentation of five different types of implant displaying a failure rate in the range of only 1 to 4 %.

osseointegration --- dental implant --- peri-implantitis --- ligature-induced peri-implantitis --- aseptic loosening --- systematic review --- immune system --- biomaterials --- foreign body reaction --- in vivo study --- oral implants --- marginal bone loss --- immunomodulation --- mechanotransduction --- Crestal bone loss --- osseosufficiency --- osseoseparation --- photoacoustic ultrasound --- brain–bone axis --- overloading --- radiography --- CBCT (cone beam computerized tomography) --- osteogenesis --- osteotomy --- bone healing --- bone chips --- drilling tool design --- fused deposition modeling --- polyether ether ketone --- biocomposite --- orthopedic implant --- oral implant --- mechanical properties --- wettability --- topography --- biocompatibility --- cell adhesion --- peri-implant endosseous healing --- dental implantation --- alveolar bone loss --- alveolar bone remodeling/regeneration --- bone biology --- finite element analysis (FEA) --- biomechanics --- cell plasticity --- dental implants --- electron microscopy --- scanning transmission electron microscopy --- bone-implant interface --- bone loss --- overdenture --- implant survival --- implant surface --- soft tissue --- split-mouth design --- oral health-related quality of life --- patient-reported outcome measures --- biomaterial --- bone --- immune --- implant --- healing --- titanium --- PEEK --- Cu --- micro-RNA --- microarray --- predictive biomarker --- epigenomics --- mucositis --- diagnosis --- over-treatment --- iatrogenic damage --- abutment height --- subcrestal implants --- implant insertion depth --- vertical mucosal thickness --- biological width --- implant installation --- anchorage technique --- histology --- intraosseous temperature --- finite element model --- ligature induced peri-implantitis --- arthroplasty --- replacement --- hip --- hypersensitivity --- contact --- allergy and immunology --- cytokines --- Interleukin-8 --- surface properties --- materials testing --- implant contamination --- scanning electron microscopy --- energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry --- convergence --- clinical study --- biofilm --- infection --- perio-prosthetic joint infection --- periimplantitis --- electrolytic cleaning --- n/a --- zirconia --- insertion --- bone–implant interface --- heat --- bone damage --- early loss --- augmentation --- air flow --- re-osseointegration --- classification of bone defects --- dog study --- brain-bone axis