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Atrial fibrillation. --- Auricular fibrillation --- Atrial arrhythmias

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The present special issue will lead you to discover the association between cerebrovascular events, cognitive impairment and atrial fibrillation, through update reviews and original articles exploring the pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning this association and describing the latest results in term of stroke prevention in AF. An interesting scientific journey that reflects the recent advances in pharmacological treatments and interventional procedures involving both mind and heart.

Medicine --- memory loss --- antioxidant --- neuroprotective --- acetylcholinesterase inhibitor --- molecular docking --- atrial --- fibrillation --- venous --- thrombosis --- anticoagulation --- perception --- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease --- atrial fibrillation --- cardiovascular risk --- outcome --- prognosis --- novel oral anticoagulants --- prosthetic valve replacement --- subclinical atrial fibrillation --- stroke --- ischemic cerebral events --- catheter ablation --- screening --- cognitive impairment --- atrial fibrillation ablation --- iatrogenic interatrial septum defect --- paradoxical embolism --- anticoagulant interruption --- cardioversion --- oral anticoagulation therapy --- left atrial appendage thrombosis --- transesophageal echocardiography --- IL1B --- IL1RN --- polymorphism --- inflammation --- cognitive decline --- rhythm control --- microbleeds --- cerebral ischemia --- diabetes mellitus --- metformin --- thiazolidinediones --- GLP-1 receptor agonists --- SGLT-2 inhibitors --- atrial high rate episodes --- NOACs --- non vitamin K oral anticoagulants --- oral anticoagulation --- intracerebral hemorrhage --- cerebral small vessel disease --- brain MRI --- circulating biomarkers --- direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) --- atrial fibrillation (AF) --- electrical cardioversion (EC) --- surgical cryoablation --- left atrial function --- minimally invasive mitral valve repair --- echocardiography --- aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage --- interdisciplinary setting --- metabolic syndrome --- obesity --- dementia --- memory loss --- antioxidant --- neuroprotective --- acetylcholinesterase inhibitor --- molecular docking --- atrial --- fibrillation --- venous --- thrombosis --- anticoagulation --- perception --- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease --- atrial fibrillation --- cardiovascular risk --- outcome --- prognosis --- novel oral anticoagulants --- prosthetic valve replacement --- subclinical atrial fibrillation --- stroke --- ischemic cerebral events --- catheter ablation --- screening --- cognitive impairment --- atrial fibrillation ablation --- iatrogenic interatrial septum defect --- paradoxical embolism --- anticoagulant interruption --- cardioversion --- oral anticoagulation therapy --- left atrial appendage thrombosis --- transesophageal echocardiography --- IL1B --- IL1RN --- polymorphism --- inflammation --- cognitive decline --- rhythm control --- microbleeds --- cerebral ischemia --- diabetes mellitus --- metformin --- thiazolidinediones --- GLP-1 receptor agonists --- SGLT-2 inhibitors --- atrial high rate episodes --- NOACs --- non vitamin K oral anticoagulants --- oral anticoagulation --- intracerebral hemorrhage --- cerebral small vessel disease --- brain MRI --- circulating biomarkers --- direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) --- atrial fibrillation (AF) --- electrical cardioversion (EC) --- surgical cryoablation --- left atrial function --- minimally invasive mitral valve repair --- echocardiography --- aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage --- interdisciplinary setting --- metabolic syndrome --- obesity --- dementia

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In recent years, there have been outstanding achievements in stroke diagnosis and care. Our better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms and the advances in neuro-imaging have enabled us to diagnose stroke syndromes with remarkable precision and uncover underlying vessel pathologies that can be directly correlated to the stroke event. Within a short period of time, mechanical thrombectomy became the standard of care for patients with large vessel occlusions and symptom onset up to 24 hours, while other recent trials also suggest the use of perfusion imaging to guide intravenous thrombolysis in the extended time window. In this Special Issue, we will also extensively discuss relevant topics on secondary stroke prevention, including the prompt use of nonvitamin k oral anticoagulants and the potential effect of reversal agents in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage related to their use. We will also delineate treatment options for stroke patients with indication for long-term anticoagulation and high bleeding risk. Finally, a particular mention will be made for young patients with stroke, the extent of the diagnostic work-up, and the selection of those who would benefit from patent foramen ovale closure.

atrial fibrillation --- cerebral infarction --- carotid stenosis --- ultrasonography --- outcomes --- cryptogenic stroke --- neurosonology --- Holter monitoring --- transcranial Doppler --- cervical duplex --- stroke --- hemorrhage --- thrombectomy --- cone-beam computed tomography --- cerebral angiography --- platelet reactivity --- ischemic stroke --- aspirin resistance --- infarction volume --- multiplate --- reperfusion --- therapy --- outcome --- intravenous thrombolysis --- NIHSS --- Barthel index --- functional dependence --- ultrasound --- acute ischemic stroke --- perfusion imaging --- contrast agent --- intracerebral hematoma --- subarachnoid hemorrhage --- large vessel disease --- clinical outcome --- prognosis --- functional magnetic resonance imaging --- neuronal plasticity --- recovery of function --- motor cortex --- ankle-brachial index difference --- inter-ankle blood pressure difference --- peripheral artery disease --- anemia --- blood transfusion --- red blood cells --- outcome assessment --- endothelial progenitor cells --- atherosclerosis --- computed tomography angiography --- n/a

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Cardiac biomarkers such as troponins and natiuretic peptides have made a great impact on clinical decision making as well as improving our understanding of molecular mechanisms of different disease conditions. However, the biomarkers that are currently in use do not reflect all the multiple disease pathways that are involved in a broad spectrum of cardiac disease conditions ranging from acute coronary syndrome, to heart failure (and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, HFpEF), to pulmonary hypertension or arrhythmias. In this Special Issue, we will provide an overview of the current developments in the field of biomarker research, beginning with research on molecular pathways and cellular communication (e.g., microRNA) up to the clinical use of biomarkers.

Medicine --- diet quality --- ceramides --- obesity --- cardiovascular risk --- healthy eating index --- carbohydrate antigen-125 --- heart failure --- inflammatory marker --- older women --- biomarker --- cardiometabolic disease --- epicardial adipose tissue --- epicardial fat --- epicardial fat volume --- microRNA --- thyroid-stimulating hormone --- cardiometabolic risks --- metabolic syndrome --- hypertension --- very low-density lipoprotein --- STIM1 --- SOCE --- atrial myopathy --- atrial fibrillation --- ejection fraction --- soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) --- growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) --- heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) --- soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2) --- acute myocardial infarction --- biomarkers --- catestatin --- coronary artery disease --- heart failure decompensation --- left ventricular ejection fraction --- troponin --- NT-proBNP --- NYHA functional class --- GDF-15 --- cardiovascular surgery --- operative risk --- muscle wasting --- sarcopenia --- renal dysfunction --- chronic kidney disease --- aortic disease --- aneurysm --- miRNA --- TGF-β pathway --- KLF4 --- synthetic phenotype --- aortic regurgitation --- echocardiography --- magnetic resonance imaging --- vena contracta area --- longitudinal strain --- T1 mapping --- GDF8 --- myostatin --- AMI --- ceruloplasmin --- H-FABP --- heart-type fatty acid-binding protein --- FABP3 --- fatty acid-binding protein 3 --- HF --- cardiac biomarkers --- cardiac magnetic resonance imaging --- left ventricular systolic function --- magnetic resonance spectroscopy --- myocardial triglyceride content --- cell adhesion molecule --- repeated measurements --- pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A --- cohort studies --- cardiovascular diseases --- mitochondrial dysfunction --- circulating cells --- PBMCS --- platelets --- oxidative stress --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) --- herat failure --- liver-type fatty-acid-binding protein --- long-term outcomes --- cardiac intensive care units --- acute kidney injury --- myocardial infarction --- STEMI --- cardiovascular events --- cardiovascular death --- risk stratification --- sST2 --- Pentraxin-3 --- sudden cardiac death --- ventricular arrhythmia --- ventricular tachycardia --- chronic heart failure --- saliva --- salivary biomarkers --- CKD --- CVD --- PPCI --- left ventricular adverse remodelling --- circulating miRNAs --- NAFLD --- Framingham risk score --- risk prediction --- secondary prevention --- primary prevention --- NAFLD fibrosis score --- HFpEF --- HFrEF --- suPAR --- diet quality --- ceramides --- obesity --- cardiovascular risk --- healthy eating index --- carbohydrate antigen-125 --- heart failure --- inflammatory marker --- older women --- biomarker --- cardiometabolic disease --- epicardial adipose tissue --- epicardial fat --- epicardial fat volume --- microRNA --- thyroid-stimulating hormone --- cardiometabolic risks --- metabolic syndrome --- hypertension --- very low-density lipoprotein --- STIM1 --- SOCE --- atrial myopathy --- atrial fibrillation --- ejection fraction --- soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) --- growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) --- heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) --- soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2) --- acute myocardial infarction --- biomarkers --- catestatin --- coronary artery disease --- heart failure decompensation --- left ventricular ejection fraction --- troponin --- NT-proBNP --- NYHA functional class --- GDF-15 --- cardiovascular surgery --- operative risk --- muscle wasting --- sarcopenia --- renal dysfunction --- chronic kidney disease --- aortic disease --- aneurysm --- miRNA --- TGF-β pathway --- KLF4 --- synthetic phenotype --- aortic regurgitation --- echocardiography --- magnetic resonance imaging --- vena contracta area --- longitudinal strain --- T1 mapping --- GDF8 --- myostatin --- AMI --- ceruloplasmin --- H-FABP --- heart-type fatty acid-binding protein --- FABP3 --- fatty acid-binding protein 3 --- HF --- cardiac biomarkers --- cardiac magnetic resonance imaging --- left ventricular systolic function --- magnetic resonance spectroscopy --- myocardial triglyceride content --- cell adhesion molecule --- repeated measurements --- pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A --- cohort studies --- cardiovascular diseases --- mitochondrial dysfunction --- circulating cells --- PBMCS --- platelets --- oxidative stress --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) --- herat failure --- liver-type fatty-acid-binding protein --- long-term outcomes --- cardiac intensive care units --- acute kidney injury --- myocardial infarction --- STEMI --- cardiovascular events --- cardiovascular death --- risk stratification --- sST2 --- Pentraxin-3 --- sudden cardiac death --- ventricular arrhythmia --- ventricular tachycardia --- chronic heart failure --- saliva --- salivary biomarkers --- CKD --- CVD --- PPCI --- left ventricular adverse remodelling --- circulating miRNAs --- NAFLD --- Framingham risk score --- risk prediction --- secondary prevention --- primary prevention --- NAFLD fibrosis score --- HFpEF --- HFrEF --- suPAR