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This book describes the latest advances in the theory of mean field games, which are optimal control problems with a continuum of players, each of them interacting with the whole statistical distribution of a population. While originating in economics, this theory now has applications in areas as diverse as mathematical finance, crowd phenomena, epidemiology, and cybersecurity.Because mean field games concern the interactions of infinitely many players in an optimal control framework, one expects them to appear as the limit for Nash equilibria of differential games with finitely many players, as the number of players tends to infinity. This book rigorously establishes this convergence, which has been an open problem until now. The limit of the system associated with differential games with finitely many players is described by the so-called master equation, a nonlocal transport equation in the space of measures. After defining a suitable notion of differentiability in the space of measures, the authors provide a complete self-contained analysis of the master equation. Their analysis includes the case of common noise problems in which all the players are affected by a common Brownian motion. They then go on to explain how to use the master equation to prove the mean field limit.This groundbreaking book presents two important new results in mean field games that contribute to a unified theoretical framework for this exciting and fast-developing area of mathematics.
Convergence. --- Mean field theory. --- Many-body problem --- Statistical mechanics --- Functions --- A priori estimate. --- Approximation. --- Bellman equation. --- Boltzmann equation. --- Boundary value problem. --- C0. --- Chain rule. --- Compact space. --- Computation. --- Conditional probability distribution. --- Continuous function. --- Convergence problem. --- Convex set. --- Cooperative game. --- Corollary. --- Decision-making. --- Derivative. --- Deterministic system. --- Differentiable function. --- Directional derivative. --- Discrete time and continuous time. --- Discretization. --- Dynamic programming. --- Emergence. --- Empirical distribution function. --- Equation. --- Estimation. --- Euclidean space. --- Folk theorem (game theory). --- Folk theorem. --- Heat equation. --- Hermitian adjoint. --- Implementation. --- Initial condition. --- Integer. --- Large numbers. --- Linearization. --- Lipschitz continuity. --- Lp space. --- Macroeconomic model. --- Markov process. --- Martingale (probability theory). --- Master equation. --- Mathematical optimization. --- Maximum principle. --- Method of characteristics. --- Metric space. --- Monograph. --- Monotonic function. --- Nash equilibrium. --- Neumann boundary condition. --- Nonlinear system. --- Notation. --- Numerical analysis. --- Optimal control. --- Parameter. --- Partial differential equation. --- Periodic boundary conditions. --- Porous medium. --- Probability measure. --- Probability theory. --- Probability. --- Random function. --- Random variable. --- Randomization. --- Rate of convergence. --- Regime. --- Scientific notation. --- Semigroup. --- Simultaneous equations. --- Small number. --- Smoothness. --- Space form. --- State space. --- State variable. --- Stochastic calculus. --- Stochastic control. --- Stochastic process. --- Stochastic. --- Subset. --- Suggestion. --- Symmetric function. --- Technology. --- Theorem. --- Theory. --- Time consistency. --- Time derivative. --- Uniqueness. --- Variable (mathematics). --- Vector space. --- Viscosity solution. --- Wasserstein metric. --- Weak solution. --- Wiener process. --- Without loss of generality.
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This book studies the interplay between the geometry and topology of locally symmetric spaces, and the arithmetic aspects of the special values of L-functions.The authors study the cohomology of locally symmetric spaces for GL(N) where the cohomology groups are with coefficients in a local system attached to a finite-dimensional algebraic representation of GL(N). The image of the global cohomology in the cohomology of the Borel-Serre boundary is called Eisenstein cohomology, since at a transcendental level the cohomology classes may be described in terms of Eisenstein series and induced representations. However, because the groups are sheaf-theoretically defined, one can control their rationality and even integrality properties. A celebrated theorem by Langlands describes the constant term of an Eisenstein series in terms of automorphic L-functions. A cohomological interpretation of this theorem in terms of maps in Eisenstein cohomology allows the authors to study the rationality properties of the special values of Rankin-Selberg L-functions for GL(n) x GL(m), where n + m = N. The authors carry through the entire program with an eye toward generalizations.This book should be of interest to advanced graduate students and researchers interested in number theory, automorphic forms, representation theory, and the cohomology of arithmetic groups.
Shimura varieties. --- Cohomology operations. --- Number theory. --- Arithmetic groups. --- L-functions. --- Functions, L --- -Number theory --- Group theory --- Number study --- Numbers, Theory of --- Algebra --- Operations (Algebraic topology) --- Algebraic topology --- Varieties, Shimura --- Arithmetical algebraic geometry --- Addition. --- Adele ring. --- Algebraic group. --- Algebraic number theory. --- Arithmetic group. --- Automorphic form. --- Base change. --- Basis (linear algebra). --- Bearing (navigation). --- Borel subgroup. --- Calculation. --- Category of groups. --- Coefficient. --- Cohomology. --- Combination. --- Commutative ring. --- Compact group. --- Computation. --- Conjecture. --- Constant term. --- Corollary. --- Covering space. --- Critical value. --- Diagram (category theory). --- Dimension. --- Dirichlet character. --- Discrete series representation. --- Discrete spectrum. --- Eigenvalues and eigenvectors. --- Eisenstein series. --- Elaboration. --- Embedding. --- Euler product. --- Field extension. --- Field of fractions. --- Free module. --- Freydoon Shahidi. --- Function field. --- Functor. --- Galois group. --- Ground field. --- Group (mathematics). --- Group scheme. --- Harish-Chandra. --- Hecke L-function. --- Hecke character. --- Hecke operator. --- Hereditary property. --- Induced representation. --- Irreducible representation. --- K0. --- L-function. --- Langlands dual group. --- Level structure. --- Lie algebra cohomology. --- Lie algebra. --- Lie group. --- Linear combination. --- Linear map. --- Local system. --- Maximal torus. --- Modular form. --- Modular symbol. --- Module (mathematics). --- Monograph. --- N0. --- National Science Foundation. --- Natural number. --- Natural transformation. --- Nilradical. --- Permutation. --- Prime number. --- Quantity. --- Rational number. --- Reductive group. --- Requirement. --- Ring of integers. --- Root of unity. --- SL2(R). --- Scalar (physics). --- Sheaf (mathematics). --- Special case. --- Spectral sequence. --- Standard L-function. --- Subgroup. --- Subset. --- Summation. --- Tensor product. --- Theorem. --- Theory. --- Triangular matrix. --- Triviality (mathematics). --- Two-dimensional space. --- Unitary group. --- Vector space. --- W0. --- Weyl group.
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