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Administrative agencies --- Administration publique --- Effectiveness and validity of law --- Effectivité et validité du droit --- Productivity --- Productivité

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The twin ideas of legal validity and invalidity are ubiquitous in contemporary private and public law. But their roots lie buried deep in European legal culture. This book for the first time traces and reveals these roots. In the course of a 2000-year journey through landmark texts of the Western tradition, from Roman law to modern codification and constitutionalism, the book shows that, contrary to what is often assumed, validity and invalidity originated in the domain of private transactions and only gradually came to be deployed in the domain of official power and law-making. This went hand in hand with legal thought's acknowledgement that law-making itself can be (in)valid, because legally limited, most recently by a body of constitutionally enshrined human rights. Understanding why, not only when, the technique of validity appeared, teaches valuable lessons about the kinds of social and political transformation that this technique can help realise - particularly in our age of emerging legal orders, shifting forms of governance, and fresh challenges to the regulation of exchanges in a digitally scripted world. This accessibly written work will appeal to anyone concerned with validity or invalidity in legal scholarship and practice, whether in public or private law. Dr. Maris Köpcke is a Research Fellow at the Faculty of Law, University of Oxford, and a Lecturer at the Faculty of Law, University of Barcelona. She holds a doctorate from Oxford, which won the European Award for Legal Theory 2011. She is the author of Legal Validity: The Fabric of Justice (2019).The book features over a dozen original drawings by the author's mother, Trini Tinturé.

Effectiveness and validity of law. --- Private law. --- Public law. --- Rule of law. --- Supremacy of law --- Administrative law --- Constitutional law --- Law --- Law, Civil --- Private law --- Roman law --- Validity and effectiveness of law --- International law --- Jurisprudence

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Score reporting research is no longer limited to the psychometric properties of scores and subscores. Today, it encompasses design and evaluation for particular audiences, appropriate use of assessment outcomes, the utility and cognitive affordances of graphical representations, interactive report systems, and more. By studying how audiences understand the intended messages conveyed by score reports, researchers and industry professionals can develop more effective mechanisms for interpreting and using assessment data.Score Reporting Research and Applications brings together experts who design and evaluate score reports in both K-12 and higher education contexts and who conduct foundational research in related areas. The first section covers foundational validity issues in the use and interpretation of test scores; design principles drawn from related areas including cognitive science, human-computer interaction, and data visualization; and research on presenting specific types of assessment information to various audiences. The second section presents real-world applications of score report design and evaluation and of the presentation of assessment information. Across ten chapters, this volume offers a comprehensive overview of new techniques and possibilities in score reporting.

Educational tests and measurements --- Examinations --- Grading and marking (Students) --- Evaluation. --- Validity. --- Graded schools --- Marking (Students) --- Students --- School reports --- Test results --- Test validity --- Validity of examinations --- Grading and marking --- Interpretation --- Rating of --- Educational tests and measurements - Evaluation --- Examinations - Validity --- Andrew Krumm --- April L. Zenisky --- Francis O'Donnell --- Gautam Puhan --- Gavin T. L. Brown --- John A. C. Hattie --- Linda Corrin --- Lisa A. Keller --- Marc Silver --- Mary Hegarty --- Mingyu Feng --- Priya Kannan --- Rebecca Zwick --- Richard J. Tannenbaum --- Ronald K. Hambleton --- Samuel A. Livingston --- Sandip Sinharay --- Sharon Slater --- Shelby J. Haberman --- Shuchi Grover --- Stephen G. Sireci --- Timothy M. O'Leary --- Yooyoung Park

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La responsabilité de L’État du fait des lois déclarées contraires à la Constitution, parmi les derniers îlots d'irresponsabilité de la puissance, est en passe d'être consacrée en droit français. Le développement d'un régime constitutionnaliste d'expression de la volonté générale, parachevé par l'entrée en vigueur de la question prioritaire de constitutionnalité, conduit les juridictions à reconnaître une voie de droit permettant l'indemnisation des préjudices consécutifs à l'application d'une loi inconstitutionnelle. En vertu du principe constitutionnel de responsabilité, l’État a l'obligation de répondre des fautes causées par la loi. Si la faute n'a pas été retenue à propos de la responsabilité de l’État du fait des lois méconnaissant les engagements internationaux de la France, elle devrait l'être concernant les lois inconstitutionnelles. Le principe constitutionnel de responsabilité, en tant que fondement juridique, institue une habilitation autorisant le juge administratif à qualifier les inconstitutionnalités de faute de nature à engager la responsabilité de l’État. Par suite, faire entrer la responsabilité de l'État-législateur dans le droit commun de la responsabilité de la puissance publique parachève sa soumission à l’État de droit. La loi n'est plus un acte incontestable et incontesté. Dorénavant, toute irrégularité d'une disposition législative peut être à l'origine de l'engagement de la responsabilité de l’État.

Opposition (Political science) --- Opposition (science politique) --- Régimes parlementaires. --- Constitutional law --- Droit constitutionnel --- Comparative law --- Droit comparé --- Parliamentary practice --- Procédure parlementaire --- Régimes parlementaires. --- Études comparatives --- État --- Parlementaires --- Responsabilité --- Responsabilité professionnelle --- Government liability --- État --- Legislators --- Effectiveness and validity of law --- Effectivité et validité du droit --- Malpractice --- Public law. Constitutional law --- Tort and negligence --- France

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Researchers frequently experience sexualized interactions, sexual objectification, and harassment as they conduct fieldwork. These experiences are often left out of ethnographers' "tales from the field" and remain unaddressed within qualitative literature. Harassed argues that the androcentric, racist, and colonialist epistemological foundations of ethnographic methodology contribute to the silence surrounding sexual harassment and other forms of violence. Rebecca Hanson and Patricia Richards challenge readers to recognize how these attitudes put researchers at risk, further the solitude experienced by researchers, lead others to question the validity of their work, and, in turn, negatively impact the construction of ethnographic knowledge. To improve methodological training, data collection, and knowledge produced by all researchers, Harassed advocates for an embodied approach to ethnography that reflexively engages with the ways in which researchers' bodies shape the knowledge they produce. By challenging these assumptions, the authors offer an opportunity for researchers, advisors, and educators to consider the multiple ways in which good ethnographic research can be conducted. Beyond challenging current methodological training and mentorship, Harassed opens discussions about sexual harassment and violence in the social sciences in general.

Sexual harassment of women. --- Ethnologists --- Social conditions. --- advisors. --- androcentric. --- colonialist. --- data collection. --- educators. --- ethnographers. --- ethnographic methodology. --- fieldwork. --- improve methodological training. --- mentorship. --- qualitative literature. --- question validity of work. --- racist. --- researchers at risk. --- researchers. --- sexual harassment. --- sexual objectification. --- sexualized interactions. --- social sciences. --- solitude. --- tales from the field. --- violence. --- workplace harassment.