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Friction stir welding (FSW) is considered to be the most significant development in metal joining in decades and, in addition, is a ""green"" technology due to its energy efficiency, environmental friendliness, and versatility. This process offers a number of advantages over conventional joining processes. Furthermore, because welding occurs via the deformation of material at temperatures below the melting temperature, many problems commonly associated with joining of dissimilar alloys can be avoided, and thus, high-quality welds are produced. Due to this fact, FSW has been widely used in different industrial applications where metallurgical characteristics should be retained, such as in the aeronautic, naval, and automotive industries.

n/a --- microstructure --- material flow --- stainless steel --- materials position --- friction stir processing --- surface composites --- material orientation --- high nitrogen steel --- force–deflection model --- FSW --- mechanical properties --- FSW process --- dissimilar metal welding --- lognormal distribution --- grain orientation --- dissimilar joints --- friction-stir welding --- pin shapes --- deflection compensation control --- plunge depth control --- process analysis --- high-temperature softening materials --- Al/Fe dissimilar joining --- post-weld heat treatment --- aluminum alloy --- abnormal grain growth --- particle distribution --- intermetallic compounds --- non-equilibrium segregation --- microstructure analysis --- tilt angle --- Vickers microhardness --- the rotational speeds --- adaptive control --- offset position control --- friction stir spot welding --- friction --- plunge depth --- mechanical strength --- mechanical behaviour --- dissimilar welded joints --- friction stir welding --- Fe-containing constituents --- high rotation speed friction stir welding --- force-deflection model

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Steel is a critical material in our societies and will remain an important one for a long time into the future. In the last two decades, the world steel industry has gone through drastic changes and this is predicted to continue in the future. The Asian countries (e.g. China, India) have been dominant in the production of steel creating global over-capacity, while the steel industry in the developed countries have made tremendous efforts to reinforce its global leadership in process technology and product development, and remain sustainable and competitive. The global steel industry is also facing various grand challenges in strict environmental regulation, new energy and materials sources, and ever-increasing customer requirements for high quality steel products, which has been addressed accordingly by the global iron and steel community. This Special Issue, “Ironmaking and Steelmaking”, released by the journal Metals, published 33 high quality articles from the international iron and steel community, covering the state-of-the-art of the ironmaking and steelmaking processes. This includes fundamental understanding, experimental investigation, pilot plant trials, industrial applications and big data utilization in the improvement and optimization of existing processes, and research and development in transformative technologies. It is hoped that the creation of this special issue as a scientific platform will help drive the iron and steel community to build a sustainable steel industry.

artificial neural network --- n/a --- corrosion --- inclusion control --- steel-making --- simulation --- liquid steel --- phosphate capacity --- slag --- hydrogen --- TG analysis --- surface roughness --- iron sulfate --- shot peening --- refining kinetics --- iso-conversional method --- oxygen blast furnace --- Barkhausen noise --- gas flow rate --- ductile cast iron --- toughness --- self-reduction briquette --- Mg deoxidation --- phosphorus distribution ratio --- iron oxides --- phase analysis --- desiliconisation --- solid flow --- CaO/Al2O3 ratio --- surface depression --- carbothermal reduction --- rotary hearth furnace --- torrefied biomass --- hot metal pre-treatment --- inclusions --- microwaves --- ironmaking --- reactivity --- CaO–based slags --- high-aluminum iron ore --- oxides --- HPSR --- internal crack --- fluorapatite --- crystallization rate --- COREX --- liquid area --- Al addition --- Wilcox–Swailes coefficient --- plasma arc --- evaluation of coupling relationship --- penetration theory --- silicate crystals --- ionization degree --- pellet size --- prediction model --- continuous casting --- direct element method --- modified NPL model --- slag film --- volatile matter --- crystallite size --- Al-TRIP steel --- viscosity --- anosovite crystals --- slag formation --- CO2 emissions --- integrated steel plant --- flow pattern --- high-heat-input welding --- dephosphorisation --- copper stave --- direct reduction --- shrinkage --- Cr recovery --- chemical composition --- high speed steel --- material flow --- 33MnCrTiB --- gas-based reduction --- converter --- bio-coal --- flat steel --- sulfur distribution ratio --- cold experiment --- secondary refining process --- re-oxidation --- vaporization dephosphorization --- sulfide capacity --- electroslag cladding --- hydrogen attack --- oxygen steelmaking --- non-metallic inclusions --- cracks --- non-contact measurement --- energy consumption --- high-manganese iron ore --- non-metallic inclusion --- Ca deoxidation --- Ca-treatment --- compressive strength (CS) --- oil-pipeline steel --- thermal treatment --- carbon monoxide --- composite roll --- crystallization behaviors --- devolatilization --- carbon-saturated iron --- steelmaking factory --- slag crust --- combustion --- high heat input welding --- ore-carbon briquette --- activation energy --- flow velocity --- kinetics --- hydrogen plasma --- casting speed --- solid and gaseous oxygen --- hercynite --- low fluorine --- iron ore pellets --- fayalite --- heat-affected zone --- CO–CO2 atmosphere --- and nitrogen --- smelting reduction --- high-phosphorus iron ore --- iron oxide --- mold flux --- BaO --- intragranular acicular ferrite --- carbon composite pellet --- electrolytic extraction --- iron ore --- carbon dioxide --- agglomerate --- vanadium titano-magnetite --- emission spectrum --- static process model --- concentrate --- structure --- titanium slag --- bonding interface --- fork --- blast furnace --- reaction mechanism --- reduction --- synergistic reduction --- injection --- principal component analysis --- ultrafine particles exposure --- CaO-based slags --- Wilcox-Swailes coefficient --- CO-CO2 atmosphere