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Elections --- Kazakhstan --- Politics and government

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Defense information, Classified --- Defense information, Classified --- Defense information, Classified --- Defense information, Classified --- Military relations. --- Law and legislation --- Law and legislation --- Security measures --- International cooperation. --- Law and legislation. --- United States --- Kazakhstan --- Kazakhstan. --- United States. --- Military relations --- Military relations

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This book offers the first multidisciplinary overview of water resources issues and management in the Aral Sea Basin, covering both the Amu Darya and Syr Darya River Basins. The two main rivers of Amu Darya and Syr Darya and their tributaries comprise the Aral Sea Basin area and are the lifeline for about 70 million inhabitants in Central Asia. Written by regional and international experts, this book critically examines the current state, trends and future of water resources management and development in this major part of the Central Asia region. It brings together insights on the history of water management in the region, surface and groundwater assessment, issues of transboundary water management and environmental degradation and restoration, and an overview of the importance of water for the key economic sectors and overall socio-economic development of Central Asian countries, as well as of hydro politics in the region. The book also focusses on the future of water sector development in the Basin, including a review of local and international actors, as well as an analysis of the current status and progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals by Basin countries. The book will be essential reading for those interested in sea basin management, environmental policy in Central Asia and water resource management more widely. It will also act as a reference source for decision-makers in state agencies, as well as a background source of information for NGOs.

Water resources development --- Aral Sea Region (Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan) --- Environmental conditions. --- Alpine Crosphere --- River Basin --- Amu Darya --- Syr Darya --- Central Asia --- Water Resource Management --- Hydrology --- Environmental Policy --- Sustainable Development

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This paper introduces concepts of public sector balance sheet (PSBS) strength, taking into account different aspects of what governments own in addition to what they owe. It develops measures of PSBS strength and investigates their macroeconomic implications. Empirical estimations show that in their pricing of sovereign bonds, financial markets account for government assets and net worth in addition to their liabilities. Furthermore, economies with stronger public sector balance sheets experience shallower recessions and recover faster in the aftermath of economic downturns. This faster return to growth can be explained by the greater space for countercyclical fiscal policy in countries with stronger balance sheets.

Accounting --- Banks and Banking --- Investments: Bonds --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- National Budget, Deficit, and Debt: General --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Public Administration --- Public Sector Accounting and Audits --- Public Enterprises --- Public-Private Enterprises --- Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Financial reporting, financial statements --- Civil service & public sector --- Finance --- Investment & securities --- Public finance & taxation --- Financial statements --- Public sector --- Yield curve --- Sovereign bonds --- Public debt --- Public financial management (PFM) --- Bond yields --- Financial institutions --- Financial services --- Finance, Public --- Interest rates --- Bonds --- Debts, Public --- Kazakhstan, Republic of

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This book analyzes the Central Asian economies of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, from their buffeting by the commodity boom of the early 2000s to its collapse in 2014. Richard Pomfret examines the countries' relations with external powers and the possibilities for development offered by infrastructure projects as well as rail links between China and Europe.The transition of these nations from centrally planned to market-based economic systems was essentially complete by the early 2000s, when the region experienced a massive increase in world prices for energy and mineral exports. This raised incomes in the main oil and gas exporters, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan; brought more benefits to the most populous country, Uzbekistan; and left the poorest countries, the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan, dependent on remittances from migrant workers in oil-rich Russia and Kazakhstan. Pomfret considers the enhanced role of the Central Asian nations in the global economy and their varied ties to China, the European Union, Russia, and the United States. With improved infrastructure and connectivity between China and Europe (reflected in regular rail freight services since 2011 and China's announcement of its Belt and Road Initiative in 2013), relaxation of United Nations sanctions against Iran in 2016, and the change in Uzbekistan's presidency in late 2016, a window of opportunity appears to have opened for Central Asian countries to achieve more sustainable economic futures.

Economic development --- 2000-2099 --- Asia, Central --- Economic conditions --- 1997 Agreement on Peace and National Reconciliation. --- 1998 Russian crisis. --- Central Asia. --- Central Asian countries. --- Central Asian economies. --- China. --- China–Europe Landbridge. --- EU. --- Eurasia. --- Eurasian Economic Union. --- Europe. --- GDP. --- Kazakhstan. --- Kumtor goldmine. --- Kyrgyz Republic. --- Kyrgyz migration. --- Russia. --- Russian economy. --- Soviet economy. --- Tajikistan. --- Turkmenistan. --- USA. --- Uzbekistan. --- World Trade Organizations. --- abundant resource. --- banking crisis. --- bilateral relations. --- central planning. --- civil war. --- commodity boom. --- connectivity. --- contract enforcement. --- cotton exports. --- cotton prices. --- cotton. --- currency devaluation. --- economic development. --- economic distress. --- economic diversification. --- economic growth. --- economic liberalization. --- energy exports. --- energy prices. --- external economic powers. --- foreign exchange controls. --- foreign exchange. --- foreign policy. --- forex controls. --- gas exports. --- gas. --- global economy. --- growing economies. --- hard infrastructure. --- income inequality. --- integration. --- international trade. --- market economy. --- market-based economies. --- mineral exports. --- minerals. --- multilateralism. --- nation-building. --- national economy. --- natural resources. --- oil prices. --- oil. --- peace negotiations. --- pipeline politics. --- political transition. --- poverty. --- primary product dependence. --- private foreign investors. --- rail links. --- regional agreements. --- regional disintegration. --- resource curse. --- resources. --- rule of law. --- soft infrastructure. --- trade facilitation. --- transitional recession. --- world economy.