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Mexico's conditional cash transfer program, PROSPERA, has demonstrated short- and medium-term positive effects on health and education, including: increased children's height; decreased risky behaviors among adolescents, including the postponement of parenthood; and increased years of schooling. This paper explores whether these effects lasted in the long-term and translated into positive changes in outcomes across generations. This study uses the most recent PROSPERA Evaluation Survey (ENCEL 2017) and combines it with previous waves and with the 1997 Socioeconomic Characteristics Survey (ENCASEH). Using intergenerational mobility analysis and quasi-experimental methods, this study finds strong evidence of positive absolute intergenerational mobility in height and years of schooling. The findings show that, on average, male offspring are 2.8 centimeters taller and have 5.3 more years of schooling than their providers (usually their parents), while female offspring are 4.1 centimeters taller and have 5.7 more years of schooling than their providers. These intergenerational gains are relevant not only because they reflect improvements in human capital, but also because these improvements have a positive return to investment. The study finds that a 1 percent increase in height is associated with a 10.7 and 8.8 percent increases in hourly wages for men and women, respectively. The analysis finds that a one-year increase in schooling is associated with 3.4 and 4.8 percent increases in hourly wages for men and women, respectively. These results show that PROSPERA has been successful in helping children and youth build human capital through better health and education, which has led to positive returns in the labor market.

Conditional Cash Transfer --- Economics of Education --- Education --- Educational Attainment --- Health --- Health and Poverty --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Human Capital --- Inequality --- Intergenerational Mobility --- Labor Markets --- Labor Mobility --- Poverty Reduction --- Social Analysis --- Social Mobility --- Wages --- Wages, Compensation and Benefits

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The long-term effects of Mexico's conditional cash transfer program, PROSPERA, on poor households are of great interest to policy makers and academics alike. This paper analyzes the long-term effects on the welfare of the original participant households and their offspring, about 20 years after the inception of the program. To complement other studies that look into the effects on schooling and health, the analysis focuses on a utilitarian definition of welfare and employs two empirical strategies. The first uses the 1997-2000 experiment as the cleanest, albeit limited, source of variation. The analysis finds that by 2017-18, the offspring of original beneficiary households are more likely to have formed their own households, to have migrated to different localities, and to have more durable assets and larger consumption expenditures than their control counterpart. The second strategy confirms and expands those findings using a difference-in-difference methodology based on the localities' rollout of the program and the age of the individuals, as a proxy of exposure. This second approach covers a much larger and representative sample, while also directly observing self-reported vulnerability in food consumption. The findings confirm the generally positive outlook in terms of durable assets and lower food vulnerability. Perhaps more interestingly and relevant for evaluating the success of the program is that it improved intergenerational mobility. Using the 1997-2000 experiment, the analysis finds that the young adults who benefited from the program improved with respect to their parents in education, assets holding, and income. They appear to be climbing the ladder of assets and income.

Conditional Cash Transfer --- Economics of Education --- Education --- Educational Attainment --- Employment --- Employment and Unemployment --- Human Capital --- Intergenerational Mobility --- Labor Force Mobility --- Labor Market --- Labor Markets --- Poverty Reduction --- Social Protections and Labor --- Welfare Effects

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We exploit a survey data set that contains information on how 11,000 workers across advanced and emerging market economies perceive the main forces shaping the future of work. In general, workers feel more positive than negative about automation, especially in emerging markets. We find that negative perceptions about automation are prevalent among workers who are older, poorer, more exposed to job volatility, and from countries with higher levels of robot penetration. Perceptions over automation are positively viewed by workers with higher levels of job satisfaction, higher educational attainment, and from countries with stronger labor protection. Workers with positive perceptions of automation also tend to respond that re-education and retraining will be needed to adapt to rapidly evolving skill demands. These workers expect governments to have a role in shaping the future of work through protection of labor and new forms of social benefits. The demand for protection and benefits is more significant among women and workers that have suffered job volatility.

United States --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Industries: Information Technololgy --- Automation --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Human Capital --- Skills --- Occupational Choice --- Labor Productivity --- Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility --- Promotion --- Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies: Public Policy --- Innovation --- Research and Development --- Technological Change --- Intellectual Property Rights: General --- Education: Government Policy --- Technological Change: Choices and Consequences --- Diffusion Processes --- Labor Economics: General --- Education: General --- Automatic control engineering --- Labour --- income economics --- Education --- Information technology industries --- Emerging technologies --- Labor markets --- Technology --- Labor economics --- Labor market --- Income economics